Table 38. Postdoctoral appointees in science, engineering, and health in all institutions, by detailed field, sex, and citizenship: 2015
| Field |
Total |
Sex |
Citizenship |
| Male |
Female |
U.S. citizens and permanent residents |
Temporary visa holders |
| All surveyed fields |
63,861 |
38,566 |
25,295 |
28,726 |
35,135 |
| Science and engineering |
45,295 |
28,970 |
16,325 |
19,593 |
25,702 |
| Science |
37,639 |
23,011 |
14,628 |
17,072 |
20,567 |
| Agricultural sciences |
1,525 |
880 |
645 |
761 |
764 |
| Biological sciences |
19,304 |
10,825 |
8,479 |
8,538 |
10,766 |
| Anatomy |
202 |
109 |
93 |
82 |
120 |
| Biochemistry |
1,874 |
1,166 |
708 |
767 |
1,107 |
| Biology |
2,131 |
1,207 |
924 |
1,085 |
1,046 |
| Biometry and epidemiology |
649 |
347 |
302 |
340 |
309 |
| Biophysics |
144 |
100 |
44 |
56 |
88 |
| Botany and plant biology |
640 |
382 |
258 |
319 |
321 |
| Cell and molecular biology |
2,380 |
1,330 |
1,050 |
988 |
1,392 |
| Ecology |
137 |
81 |
56 |
93 |
44 |
| Entomology and parasitology |
289 |
157 |
132 |
154 |
135 |
| Genetics |
1,410 |
796 |
614 |
602 |
808 |
| Microbiology, immunology, and virology |
2,206 |
1,165 |
1,041 |
1,032 |
1,174 |
| Nutrition |
250 |
83 |
167 |
119 |
131 |
| Pathology |
1,407 |
771 |
636 |
571 |
836 |
| Pharmacology and toxicology |
1,253 |
705 |
548 |
569 |
684 |
| Physiology |
1,350 |
744 |
606 |
594 |
756 |
| Zoology |
51 |
32 |
19 |
38 |
13 |
| Biosciences nec |
2,931 |
1,650 |
1,281 |
1,129 |
1,802 |
| Communication |
83 |
47 |
36 |
44 |
39 |
| Computer sciences |
888 |
722 |
166 |
319 |
569 |
| Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences |
2,129 |
1,313 |
816 |
1,152 |
977 |
| Atmospheric sciences |
180 |
121 |
59 |
72 |
108 |
| Geosciences |
744 |
481 |
263 |
342 |
402 |
| Ocean sciences |
457 |
252 |
205 |
276 |
181 |
| Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences nec |
748 |
459 |
289 |
462 |
286 |
| Family and consumer sciences and human sciences |
103 |
33 |
70 |
81 |
22 |
| Mathematics and statistics |
1,011 |
804 |
207 |
393 |
618 |
| Mathematics and applied mathematics |
873 |
692 |
181 |
351 |
522 |
| Statistics |
138 |
112 |
26 |
42 |
96 |
| Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies |
972 |
591 |
381 |
525 |
447 |
| Neurobiology and neuroscience |
1,957 |
1,092 |
865 |
931 |
1,026 |
| Physical sciences |
7,358 |
5,680 |
1,678 |
2,753 |
4,605 |
| Astronomy and astrophysics |
418 |
299 |
119 |
201 |
217 |
| Chemistry |
3,840 |
2,878 |
962 |
1,384 |
2,456 |
| Physics |
2,779 |
2,255 |
524 |
1,029 |
1,750 |
| Physical sciences nec |
321 |
248 |
73 |
139 |
182 |
| Psychology |
1,130 |
467 |
663 |
791 |
339 |
| Clinical psychology |
93 |
30 |
63 |
82 |
11 |
| Psychology, general |
634 |
274 |
360 |
433 |
201 |
| Psychology nec |
403 |
163 |
240 |
276 |
127 |
| Social sciences |
1,179 |
557 |
622 |
784 |
395 |
| Agricultural economics |
61 |
29 |
32 |
29 |
32 |
| Anthropology |
174 |
78 |
96 |
132 |
42 |
| Economics (except agricultural) |
95 |
64 |
31 |
44 |
51 |
| Geography |
96 |
52 |
44 |
47 |
49 |
| History and philosophy of science |
12 |
7 |
5 |
6 |
6 |
| Linguistics |
47 |
19 |
28 |
27 |
20 |
| Political science and government |
313 |
164 |
149 |
202 |
111 |
| Sociology |
104 |
34 |
70 |
83 |
21 |
| Sociology and anthropology |
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
| Social sciences nec |
275 |
109 |
166 |
212 |
63 |
| Engineering |
7,656 |
5,959 |
1,697 |
2,521 |
5,135 |
| Aerospace engineering |
217 |
187 |
30 |
70 |
147 |
| Agricultural engineering |
221 |
167 |
54 |
80 |
141 |
| Architecture |
17 |
9 |
8 |
10 |
7 |
| Biomedical engineering |
1,201 |
806 |
395 |
550 |
651 |
| Chemical engineering |
1,283 |
956 |
327 |
420 |
863 |
| Civil engineering |
670 |
496 |
174 |
269 |
401 |
| Electrical engineering |
1,160 |
1,008 |
152 |
287 |
873 |
| Engineering science, mechanics, and physics |
251 |
201 |
50 |
85 |
166 |
| Industrial and manufacturing engineering |
142 |
110 |
32 |
51 |
91 |
| Mechanical engineering |
1,161 |
961 |
200 |
358 |
803 |
| Metallurgical and materials engineering |
911 |
725 |
186 |
207 |
704 |
| Mining engineering |
15 |
12 |
3 |
4 |
11 |
| Nuclear engineering |
107 |
92 |
15 |
32 |
75 |
| Petroleum engineering |
73 |
62 |
11 |
12 |
61 |
| Engineering nec |
227 |
167 |
60 |
86 |
141 |
| Health |
18,566 |
9,596 |
8,970 |
9,133 |
9,433 |
| Clinical medicine |
15,850 |
8,206 |
7,644 |
7,830 |
8,020 |
| Anesthesiology |
433 |
256 |
177 |
181 |
252 |
| Cardiovascular science |
825 |
506 |
319 |
384 |
441 |
| Endocrinology |
414 |
204 |
210 |
183 |
231 |
| Gastroenterology |
299 |
155 |
144 |
121 |
178 |
| Hematology |
356 |
196 |
160 |
135 |
221 |
| Neurology |
1,035 |
521 |
514 |
471 |
564 |
| Obstetrics and gynecology |
287 |
130 |
157 |
143 |
144 |
| Oncology and cancer research |
1,788 |
969 |
819 |
720 |
1,068 |
| Ophthalmology |
568 |
316 |
252 |
186 |
382 |
| Otorhinolaryngology |
169 |
91 |
78 |
84 |
85 |
| Pediatrics |
1,309 |
532 |
777 |
726 |
583 |
| Preventive medicine and community health |
704 |
279 |
425 |
470 |
234 |
| Psychiatry |
1,084 |
394 |
690 |
799 |
285 |
| Pulmonary disease |
305 |
160 |
145 |
193 |
112 |
| Radiology |
1,012 |
636 |
376 |
398 |
614 |
| Surgery |
1,267 |
767 |
500 |
551 |
716 |
| Clinical medicine nec |
3,995 |
2,094 |
1,901 |
2,085 |
1,910 |
| Other health |
2,716 |
1,390 |
1,326 |
1,303 |
1,413 |
| Communication disorders sciences |
77 |
22 |
55 |
53 |
24 |
| Dental sciences |
307 |
166 |
141 |
125 |
182 |
| Nursing science |
75 |
13 |
62 |
62 |
13 |
| Pharmaceutical sciences |
999 |
613 |
386 |
395 |
604 |
| Veterinary sciences |
541 |
240 |
301 |
308 |
233 |
| Other health nec |
717 |
336 |
381 |
360 |
357 |
