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Table 51. Doctorate-holding nonfaculty researchers in science, engineering, and health fields in all institutions, by detailed field and sex: 2010–15

Field and sex 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014olda 2014newa 2015
All surveyed fields 21,345 21,498 21,908 22,465 23,290 23,706 25,292
Male 12,927 13,105 13,250 13,617 14,099 14,314 15,249
Female 8,418 8,393 8,658 8,848 9,191 9,392 10,043
Science and engineering 15,157 15,675 15,761 16,426 17,027 17,419 18,596
Male 9,790 10,140 10,190 10,504 10,925 11,126 11,865
Female 5,367 5,535 5,571 5,922 6,102 6,293 6,731
Science 12,751 13,363 13,264 13,932 14,283 14,674 15,667
Male 7,819 8,245 8,167 8,534 8,777 8,977 9,568
Female 4,932 5,118 5,097 5,398 5,506 5,697 6,099
Agricultural sciences 572 581 567 550 609 616 747
Male 362 356 351 321 347 352 438
Female 210 225 216 229 262 264 309
Biological sciences 6,271 6,224 6,249 6,527 6,492 6,841 6,948
Male 3,353 3,323 3,326 3,475 3,512 3,687 3,750
Female 2,918 2,901 2,923 3,052 2,980 3,154 3,198
Anatomy 96 106 101 81 87 87 52
Male 42 47 51 42 50 50 24
Female 54 59 50 39 37 37 28
Biochemistry 619 652 708 728 708 708 697
Male 352 368 398 403 414 414 406
Female 267 284 310 325 294 294 291
Biology 790 639 598 609 587 587 624
Male 437 373 354 357 331 331 338
Female 353 266 244 252 256 256 286
Biometry and epidemiology 345 322 348 331 324 324 405
Male 121 128 147 145 138 138 177
Female 224 194 201 186 186 186 228
Biophysics 53 30 32 25 57 57 36
Male 35 20 22 17 34 34 24
Female 18 10 10 8 23 23 12
Botany and plant biology 187 216 260 201 236 236 241
Male 106 120 151 113 124 124 133
Female 81 96 109 88 112 112 108
Cell and molecular biology 611 607 627 599 583 611 648
Male 346 338 353 346 344 359 377
Female 265 269 274 253 239 252 271
Ecology 62 67 72 45 52 52 63
Male 48 51 53 38 39 39 47
Female 14 16 19 7 13 13 16
Entomology and parasitology 83 83 80 77 100 100 134
Male 54 56 52 52 69 69 79
Female 29 27 28 25 31 31 55
Genetics 329 312 320 339 402 402 460
Male 183 165 158 188 225 225 254
Female 146 147 162 151 177 177 206
Microbiology, immunology, and virology 779 800 822 802 810 822 797
Male 387 396 412 387 408 415 389
Female 392 404 410 415 402 407 408
Nutrition 149 160 153 155 166 166 188
Male 61 57 56 50 60 60 66
Female 88 103 97 105 106 106 122
Pathology 484 438 445 504 506 506 444
Male 262 233 237 271 251 251 232
Female 222 205 208 233 255 255 212
Pharmacology and toxicology 470 515 431 459 422 427 399
Male 242 255 209 236 222 226 213
Female 228 260 222 223 200 201 186
Physiology 507 532 479 556 490 507 533
Male 267 288 244 305 264 275 288
Female 240 244 235 251 226 232 245
Zoology 29 18 18 19 24 24 27
Male 15 7 6 8 12 12 13
Female 14 11 12 11 12 12 14
Biosciences nec 678 727 755 997 938 1,225 1,200
Male 395 421 423 517 527 665 690
Female 283 306 332 480 411 560 510
Communication 24 17 14 34 34 34 31
Male 13 10 10 14 17 17 17
Female 11 7 4 20 17 17 14
Computer sciences 318 326 349 459 450 450 459
Male 259 272 290 369 359 359 348
Female 59 54 59 90 91 91 111
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences 1,362 1,625 1,513 1,518 1,499 1,500 1,754
Male 992 1,194 1,127 1,116 1,078 1,079 1,239
Female 370 431 386 402 421 421 515
Atmospheric sciences 250 310 319 291 325 325 323
Male 185 237 242 223 247 247 237
Female 65 73 77 68 78 78 86
Geosciences 502 529 523 594 571 571 598
Male 368 406 413 452 425 425 431
Female 134 123 110 142 146 146 167
Ocean sciences 300 405 334 310 314 315 405
Male 189 257 215 193 182 183 244
Female 111 148 119 117 132 132 161
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences nec 310 381 337 323 289 289 428
Male 250 294 257 248 224 224 327
Female 60 87 80 75 65 65 101
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences 38 101 43 43 57 59 74
Male 10 20 11 7 18 19 15
Female 28 81 32 36 39 40 59
Mathematics and statistics 173 174 209 224 221 221 235
Male 124 121 130 164 172 172 176
Female 49 53 79 60 49 49 59
Mathematics and applied mathematics 159 162 190 202 195 195 188
Male 112 112 120 152 153 153 148
Female 47 50 70 50 42 42 40
Statistics 14 12 19 22 26 26 47
Male 12 9 10 12 19 19 28
Female 2 3 9 10 7 7 19
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies 467 509 497 538 658 661 630
Male 308 335 328 370 455 455 434
Female 159 174 169 168 203 206 196
Neurobiology and neuroscience 191 378 356 417 650 666 718
Male 92 201 201 238 326 336 372
Female 99 177 155 179 324 330 346
Physical sciences 2,251 2,322 2,296 2,312 2,433 2,445 2,701
Male 1,774 1,853 1,820 1,848 1,947 1,954 2,161
Female 477 469 476 464 486 491 540
Astronomy and astrophysics 400 381 380 386 416 416 422
Male 321 314 308 306 337 337 325
Female 79 67 72 80 79 79 97
Chemistry 944 997 911 871 928 940 902
Male 696 738 670 638 679 686 665
Female 248 259 241 233 249 254 237
Physics 825 857 916 959 1,003 1,003 1,099
Male 688 732 770 823 862 862 930
Female 137 125 146 136 141 141 169
Physical sciences nec 82 87 89 96 86 86 278
Male 69 69 72 81 69 69 241
Female 13 18 17 15 17 17 37
Psychology 467 434 431 457 411 411 472
Male 206 174 164 177 157 157 182
Female 261 260 267 280 254 254 290
Clinical psychology 31 21 17 31 23 23 40
Male 9 7 1 7 6 6 9
Female 22 14 16 24 17 17 31
Psychology, general 220 219 230 242 219 219 213
Male 91 93 98 102 90 90 89
Female 129 126 132 140 129 129 124
Psychology nec 216 194 184 184 169 169 219
Male 106 74 65 68 61 61 84
Female 110 120 119 116 108 108 135
Social sciences 617 672 740 853 769 770 898
Male 326 386 409 435 389 390 436
Female 291 286 331 418 380 380 462
Agricultural economics 34 22 21 25 29 29 44
Male 22 15 15 17 16 16 26
Female 12 7 6 8 13 13 18
Anthropology 67 81 101 103 90 90 77
Male 28 48 54 57 50 50 39
Female 39 33 47 46 40 40 38
Economics (except agricultural) 44 61 62 56 66 66 72
Male 32 44 45 40 44 44 48
Female 12 17 17 16 22 22 24
Geography 37 49 61 53 54 54 48
Male 26 31 41 32 40 40 35
Female 11 18 20 21 14 14 13
History and philosophy of science 9 15 18 12 9 9 11
Male 6 8 8 5 5 5 8
Female 3 7 10 7 4 4 3
Linguistics 29 13 13 18 12 12 20
Male 13 4 6 6 3 3 6
Female 16 9 7 12 9 9 14
Political science and government 143 221 229 309 285 285 338
Male 85 132 122 157 132 132 143
Female 58 89 107 152 153 153 195
Sociology 48 66 69 53 56 56 76
Male 28 35 28 22 20 20 33
Female 20 31 41 31 36 36 43
Sociology and anthropology 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
Male 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
Female 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Social sciences nec 206 144 165 223 168 169 212
Male 86 69 89 98 79 80 98
Female 120 75 76 125 89 89 114
Engineering 2,406 2,312 2,497 2,494 2,744 2,745 2,929
Male 1,971 1,895 2,023 1,970 2,148 2,149 2,297
Female 435 417 474 524 596 596 632
Aerospace engineering 58 35 49 40 43 43 67
Male 51 34 45 36 33 33 59
Female 7 1 4 4 10 10 8
Agricultural engineering 70 62 65 50 55 55 70
Male 51 43 46 30 37 37 48
Female 19 19 19 20 18 18 22
Architecture 15 11 11 10 5 5 6
Male 11 9 8 6 4 4 5
Female 4 2 3 4 1 1 1
Biomedical engineering 250 247 295 238 322 322 289
Male 169 168 194 154 211 211 179
Female 81 79 101 84 111 111 110
Chemical engineering 265 204 211 264 276 276 264
Male 217 165 167 196 207 207 195
Female 48 39 44 68 69 69 69
Civil engineering 256 278 298 296 313 313 364
Male 201 210 221 234 244 244 280
Female 55 68 77 62 69 69 84
Electrical engineering 395 406 405 431 459 459 492
Male 343 354 350 366 383 383 413
Female 52 52 55 65 76 76 79
Engineering science, mechanics, and physics 114 119 170 157 192 192 184
Male 89 93 139 117 144 144 147
Female 25 26 31 40 48 48 37
Industrial and manufacturing engineering 108 87 70 77 90 90 150
Male 83 71 61 62 76 76 123
Female 25 16 9 15 14 14 27
Mechanical engineering 355 318 389 403 437 438 425
Male 313 289 348 352 371 372 372
Female 42 29 41 51 66 66 53
Metallurgical and materials engineering 224 233 245 273 279 279 295
Male 192 197 203 219 225 225 227
Female 32 36 42 54 54 54 68
Mining engineering 7 4 10 10 8 8 20
Male 7 4 8 6 6 6 17
Female 0 0 2 4 2 2 3
Nuclear engineering 39 44 30 27 34 34 26
Male 34 37 25 21 27 27 20
Female 5 7 5 6 7 7 6
Petroleum engineering 23 36 40 40 63 63 56
Male 20 29 32 31 46 46 42
Female 3 7 8 9 17 17 14
Engineering nec 227 228 209 178 168 168 221
Male 190 192 176 140 134 134 170
Female 37 36 33 38 34 34 51
Health 6,188 5,823 6,147 6,039 6,263 6,287 6,696
Male 3,137 2,965 3,060 3,113 3,174 3,188 3,384
Female 3,051 2,858 3,087 2,926 3,089 3,099 3,312
Clinical medicine 5,011 4,830 5,074 4,985 5,084 5,098 5,494
Male 2,568 2,480 2,543 2,599 2,594 2,603 2,794
Female 2,443 2,350 2,531 2,386 2,490 2,495 2,700
Anesthesiology 137 140 138 128 143 143 128
Male 72 71 71 71 76 76 73
Female 65 69 67 57 67 67 55
Cardiovascular science 180 167 202 221 271 271 314
Male 99 92 102 110 144 144 178
Female 81 75 100 111 127 127 136
Endocrinology 106 87 110 106 118 118 128
Male 49 37 53 45 49 49 60
Female 57 50 57 61 69 69 68
Gastroenterology 73 60 77 92 96 96 87
Male 39 33 37 44 47 47 49
Female 34 27 40 48 49 49 38
Hematology 121 117 110 156 165 165 139
Male 59 62 62 67 77 77 70
Female 62 55 48 89 88 88 69
Neurology 302 205 221 255 329 329 384
Male 153 98 109 125 150 150 181
Female 149 107 112 130 179 179 203
Obstetrics and gynecology 80 80 72 98 121 121 123
Male 28 28 23 33 39 39 39
Female 52 52 49 65 82 82 84
Oncology and cancer research 465 631 665 650 511 511 503
Male 244 344 361 362 274 274 283
Female 221 287 304 288 237 237 220
Ophthalmology 210 206 246 212 231 231 233
Male 102 97 113 107 118 118 120
Female 108 109 133 105 113 113 113
Otorhinolaryngology 110 56 78 93 68 68 65
Male 65 31 35 53 32 32 33
Female 45 25 43 40 36 36 32
Pediatrics 573 533 485 470 420 420 636
Male 279 262 224 218 198 198 299
Female 294 271 261 252 222 222 337
Preventive medicine and community health 562 563 601 508 546 546 628
Male 256 250 249 230 236 236 258
Female 306 313 352 278 310 310 370
Psychiatry 252 218 234 159 169 169 149
Male 97 90 88 71 77 77 63
Female 155 128 146 88 92 92 86
Pulmonary disease 92 96 107 93 99 99 93
Male 51 58 61 53 49 49 44
Female 41 38 46 40 50 50 49
Radiology 273 293 347 343 336 336 373
Male 175 193 229 239 230 230 238
Female 98 100 118 104 106 106 135
Surgery 465 355 429 386 430 430 381
Male 295 218 268 243 269 269 223
Female 170 137 161 143 161 161 158
Clinical medicine nec 1,010 1,023 952 1,015 1,031 1,045 1,130
Male 505 516 458 528 529 538 583
Female 505 507 494 487 502 507 547
Other health 1,177 993 1,073 1,054 1,179 1,189 1,202
Male 569 485 517 514 580 585 590
Female 608 508 556 540 599 604 612
Communication disorders sciences 36 38 37 66 68 68 67
Male 17 16 16 28 29 29 26
Female 19 22 21 38 39 39 41
Dental sciences 116 94 85 72 82 82 93
Male 53 37 38 39 45 45 42
Female 63 57 47 33 37 37 51
Nursing science 113 79 92 53 56 56 40
Male 20 22 24 12 11 11 7
Female 93 57 68 41 45 45 33
Pharmaceutical sciences 305 270 307 307 340 347 378
Male 176 158 186 181 207 210 223
Female 129 112 121 126 133 137 155
Veterinary sciences 300 254 250 267 247 250 312
Male 154 132 116 113 107 109 135
Female 146 122 134 154 140 141 177
Other health nec 307 258 302 289 386 386 312
Male 149 120 137 141 181 181 157
Female 158 138 165 148 205 205 155
nec = not elsewhere classified.
a In 2014, the survey frame was updated following a comprehensive frame evaluation study. The study identified potentially eligible but not previously surveyed academic institutions in the United States with master's- or doctorate-granting programs in science, engineering, or health. A total of 151 newly eligible institutions were added, and two private for-profit institutions offering mostly practitioner-based graduate degrees were determined to be ineligible.
NOTE: "Field" refers to the field of the unit that reports doctorate-holding nonfaculty researchers to the Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering.