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| Table 69. Median annual salaries of full-time employed doctoral scientists and engineers, by occupation and sector of employment: 2010 |
| (Dollars) |
| Occupation | All full-time employed | 4-year educational institutiona | Other educational institutionb | Private, for-profitc | Private, nonprofit | Federal government | State or local government | Self-employedd | Other sectore | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | |
| All occupations | 100,000 | 500 | 80,000 | 1,000 | 70,000 | 1,000 | 120,000 | 500 | 104,000 | 2,000 | 112,000 | 2,000 | 84,000 | 1,500 | 90,000 | 3,000 | 147,000 | 19,000 |
| Science occupations | 90,000 | 500 | 75,000 | 500 | 69,000 | 2,500 | 113,000 | 2,000 | 94,000 | 2,500 | 106,000 | 1,000 | 79,000 | 1,000 | 95,000 | 5,500 | 110,000 | 32,500 |
| Biological/ agricultural/ other life scientists | 84,000 | 1,500 | 70,000 | 1,500 | 60,000 | 3,500 | 109,000 | 1,500 | 78,000 | 5,500 | 100,000 | 3,000 | 70,000 | 4,000 | 93,000 | 14,500 | D | D |
| Agricultural/ food scientists | 91,000 | 3,000 | 74,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 99,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 100,000 | 4,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Biochemists/ biophysicists | 78,000 | 4,000 | 45,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 105,000 | 2,500 | 54,000 | 10,500 | 96,000 | 9,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Biological scientists | 74,000 | 2,000 | 49,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 96,000 | 5,000 | 65,000 | 4,000 | 100,000 | 3,500 | 71,000 | 10,000 | D | D | D | D |
| Forestry/ conservation scientists | 82,000 | 4,500 | 67,000 | 12,500 | D | D | D | D | 79,000 | 16,000 | 94,000 | 4,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Medical scientists | 96,000 | 2,000 | 60,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 125,000 | 3,000 | 87,000 | 12,000 | 104,000 | 5,000 | 68,000 | 7,500 | D | D | D | D |
| Postsecondary teachers, agricultural/ other natural sciences | 87,000 | 2,500 | 88,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Postsecondary teachers, biological sciences | 79,000 | 1,500 | 80,000 | 1,500 | 58,000 | 3,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Other biological/ agricultural/ life scientists | 74,000 | 4,500 | 46,000 | 2,500 | D | D | 92,000 | 7,500 | 69,000 | 12,000 | 94,000 | 4,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Computer/ information scientists | 110,000 | 500 | 92,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 119,000 | 500 | 110,000 | 11,500 | 122,000 | 8,000 | 82,000 | 6,500 | S | S | D | D |
| Computer/ information scientists | 115,000 | 2,000 | 93,000 | 5,500 | D | D | 119,000 | 500 | 110,000 | 11,500 | 122,000 | 8,000 | 82,000 | 6,500 | S | S | D | D |
| Postsecondary teachers, computer science | 92,000 | 2,500 | 92,000 | 2,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Mathematical scientists | 91,000 | 2,500 | 79,000 | 1,500 | 73,000 | 5,000 | 119,000 | 2,500 | 112,000 | 11,000 | 116,000 | 4,000 | 72,000 | 15,000 | D | D | D | D |
| Mathematical scientists | 110,000 | 2,500 | 80,000 | 5,000 | D | D | 119,000 | 2,500 | 112,000 | 11,000 | 116,000 | 4,000 | 72,000 | 15,000 | D | D | D | D |
| Postsecondary teachers, mathematics/ statistics | 79,000 | 2,000 | 79,000 | 1,500 | 71,000 | 6,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Physical scientists | 92,000 | 1,500 | 73,000 | 2,000 | 68,000 | 2,500 | 111,000 | 2,000 | 110,000 | 10,000 | 110,000 | 2,000 | 75,000 | 2,500 | 91,000 | 19,000 | D | D |
| Chemists, except biochemists | 103,000 | 2,000 | 44,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 109,000 | 1,500 | 101,000 | 8,500 | 99,000 | 4,500 | 72,000 | 5,000 | D | D | D | D |
| Earth/ atmospheric/ ocean scientists | 100,000 | 2,000 | 68,000 | 4,000 | D | D | 116,000 | 5,500 | 91,000 | 9,000 | 113,000 | 7,500 | 75,000 | 6,000 | D | D | D | D |
| Physicists/ astronomers | 109,000 | 1,500 | 61,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 123,000 | 4,500 | 119,000 | 6,500 | 116,000 | 4,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Postsecondary teachers, chemistry | 71,000 | 2,000 | 72,000 | 2,000 | 69,000 | 2,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Postsecondary teachers, physics | 78,000 | 2,500 | 79,000 | 2,500 | 58,000 | 7,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Postsecondary teachers, other physical sciences | 81,000 | 2,500 | 81,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Other physical scientists | 101,000 | 9,000 | 63,000 | 11,500 | D | D | 104,000 | 11,000 | D | D | 105,000 | 10,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Psychologists | 83,000 | 1,500 | 73,000 | 2,000 | 75,000 | 3,000 | 96,000 | 7,000 | 90,000 | 3,000 | 98,000 | 3,000 | 83,000 | 2,000 | 95,000 | 4,500 | D | D |
| Psychologists | 90,000 | 1,500 | 71,000 | 4,000 | 77,000 | 2,500 | 96,000 | 7,000 | 90,000 | 3,000 | 98,000 | 3,000 | 83,000 | 2,000 | 95,000 | 4,500 | D | D |
| Postsecondary teachers, psychology | 73,000 | 2,000 | 73,000 | 1,500 | 65,000 | 6,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Social scientists | 85,000 | 1,000 | 79,000 | 1,500 | 66,000 | 8,500 | 124,000 | 4,500 | 104,000 | 10,000 | 115,000 | 6,000 | 75,000 | 5,500 | 93,000 | 9,000 | 179,000 | 36,000 |
| Economists | 126,000 | 5,500 | 85,000 | 9,500 | D | D | 148,000 | 11,000 | 121,000 | 12,500 | 130,000 | 7,500 | D | D | 103,000 | 10,500 | 192,000 | 13,000 |
| Political scientists | 101,000 | 8,500 | 82,000 | 14,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Postsecondary teachers, economics | 95,000 | 4,500 | 98,000 | 4,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Postsecondary teachers, political science | 75,000 | 2,000 | 75,000 | 2,000 | 79,000 | 12,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Postsecondary teachers, sociology | 72,000 | 2,000 | 72,000 | 2,000 | 57,000 | 3,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Postsecondary teachers, other social sciences | 71,000 | 2,000 | 71,000 | 2,000 | 73,000 | 8,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Sociologists/ anthropologists | 80,000 | 4,500 | 67,000 | 4,000 | D | D | 74,000 | 13,000 | 80,000 | 7,000 | 107,000 | 3,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Other social scientists | 96,000 | 3,000 | 77,000 | 6,500 | D | D | 110,000 | 4,500 | 94,000 | 7,500 | 99,000 | 8,000 | 69,000 | 7,000 | 86,000 | 16,500 | D | D |
| Engineering occupations | 110,000 | 500 | 97,000 | 2,500 | 60,000 | 9,500 | 118,000 | 1,500 | 124,000 | 8,000 | 119,000 | 2,000 | 89,000 | 4,500 | 89,000 | 8,500 | D | D |
| Aerospace/ aeronautical/ astronautical engineers | 125,000 | 5,000 | 66,000 | 17,000 | D | D | 130,000 | 4,500 | 140,000 | 7,500 | 121,000 | 3,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Chemical engineers | 112,000 | 4,500 | 67,000 | 22,500 | D | D | 115,000 | 5,000 | D | D | 120,000 | 11,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Civil/ architectural/ sanitary engineers | 93,000 | 4,000 | 89,000 | 23,500 | D | D | 99,000 | 4,000 | D | D | 90,000 | 16,000 | 84,000 | 6,000 | D | D | D | D |
| Electrical engineers | 120,000 | 1,000 | 88,000 | 8,000 | D | D | 120,000 | 3,500 | 130,000 | 16,000 | 120,000 | 8,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Industrial engineersf | 110,000 | 11,000 | D | D | D | D | 100,000 | 8,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Mechanical engineers | 104,000 | 2,500 | 84,000 | 10,500 | D | D | 105,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 120,000 | 10,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Postsecondary teachers, engineering | 100,000 | 1,000 | 100,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Other engineersf | 109,000 | 2,000 | 56,000 | 4,500 | D | D | 116,000 | 3,000 | 109,000 | 12,500 | 116,000 | 2,500 | 75,000 | 12,000 | 84,000 | 8,500 | D | D |
| S&E-related occupations | 115,000 | 2,000 | 93,000 | 2,000 | 62,000 | 3,000 | 147,000 | 3,500 | 137,000 | 12,000 | 129,000 | 5,000 | 93,000 | 3,500 | 112,000 | 6,500 | 98,000 | 38,500 |
| Health occupations, except postsecondary teachers and managers | 120,000 | 2,000 | 73,000 | 6,500 | 86,000 | 16,000 | 150,000 | 3,000 | 148,000 | 19,000 | 114,000 | 5,500 | 92,000 | 14,500 | 113,000 | 8,500 | D | D |
| Postsecondary teachers, health and related sciences | 94,000 | 1,500 | 94,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| S&E managers, including health | 140,000 | 2,500 | 108,000 | 6,000 | D | D | 150,000 | 1,000 | 143,000 | 11,500 | 138,000 | 6,000 | 94,000 | 3,000 | D | D | D | D |
| S&E precollege teachers | 60,000 | 2,500 | D | D | 60,000 | 2,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| S&E technicians and technologists | 94,000 | 6,000 | 58,000 | 9,500 | D | D | 99,000 | 7,000 | 66,000 | 16,000 | 109,000 | 9,000 | 50,000 | 12,000 | D | D | D | D |
| Other S&E-related occupations | 118,000 | 10,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Non-S&E occupations | 116,000 | 3,000 | 102,000 | 3,000 | 83,000 | 3,500 | 145,000 | 5,000 | 101,000 | 4,000 | 126,000 | 3,000 | 87,000 | 5,500 | 55,000 | 8,500 | 184,000 | 14,500 |
| Arts/ humanities-related occupations | 72,000 | 4,500 | 57,000 | 7,000 | D | D | 87,000 | 9,000 | 81,000 | 7,000 | D | D | D | D | S | S | D | D |
| Management-related occupations | 115,000 | 3,000 | 89,000 | 5,000 | 82,000 | 5,500 | 127,000 | 5,000 | 91,000 | 4,500 | 112,000 | 8,000 | 92,000 | 8,000 | S | S | D | D |
| Non-S&E managers | 149,000 | 500 | 133,000 | 4,500 | 97,000 | 2,500 | 174,000 | 4,500 | 136,000 | 6,500 | 151,000 | 4,000 | 98,000 | 3,500 | 105,000 | 15,500 | 193,000 | 16,000 |
| Non-S&E postsecondary teachers | 80,000 | 2,000 | 80,000 | 2,000 | 68,000 | 8,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Non-S&E precollege/ other teachers | 56,000 | 4,500 | D | D | 56,000 | 9,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Sales/ marketing occupations | 113,000 | 6,500 | D | D | D | D | 119,000 | 6,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 48,000 | 10,500 | D | D |
| Social service–related occupations | 62,000 | 3,500 | 60,000 | 5,000 | 75,000 | 4,500 | 53,000 | 7,500 | 52,000 | 7,000 | D | D | 62,000 | 6,000 | D | D | D | D |
| Other non-S&E occupations | 99,000 | 6,500 | 49,000 | 6,500 | D | D | 140,000 | 15,500 | 51,000 | 14,000 | 103,000 | 9,000 | 61,000 | 5,000 | 39,000 | 12,000 | D | D |
| D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. S = suppressed for reliability; coefficient of variation exceeds publication standards. |
| S&E = science and engineering; SE = standard error. |
| a Includes 4-year colleges or universities, medical schools (including university-affiliated hospitals or medical centers), and university-affiliated research institutes. |
| b Includes 2-year colleges, community colleges, technical institutes, precollege institutions, and other educational institutions. |
| c Includes those self-employed in an incorporated business. |
| d Self-employed or business owner in a nonincorporated business. |
| e Includes employers not broken out separately. |
| f From 1999 to 2008, data for Industrial engineers were mislabeled as "Materials/metallurgical engineers." For all years, data in this category have included only Industrial engineers. For all years, data on Materials/metallurgical engineers have been included only in Other engineers. |
| NOTE: Median annual salaries are for the principal job and are rounded to the nearest $1,000. Standard errors are rounded up to the nearest 500. |
| SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 2010. |
