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| Table 72. Median annual salaries of full-time employed doctoral scientists and engineers, by sector of employment, broad occupation, ethnicity, and race: 2010 |
| (Dollars) |
| Employment sector and occupation | Not Hispanic or Latinob | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All full-time employed | Hispanic or Latinoa | American Indian or Alaska Native | Asian | Black or African American | White | Other racec | ||||||||
| Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | |
| All sectors | 100,000 | 500 | 86,000 | 2,500 | 85,000 | 11,000 | 100,000 | 500 | 84,000 | 2,000 | 100,000 | 500 | 90,000 | 3,000 |
| Science occupations | 90,000 | 500 | 79,000 | 1,000 | 100,000 | 8,500 | 92,000 | 2,000 | 77,000 | 2,000 | 90,000 | 500 | 81,000 | 3,000 |
| Biological/ agricultural/ other life scientists | 84,000 | 1,500 | 76,000 | 2,500 | D | D | 76,000 | 3,000 | 75,000 | 3,000 | 87,000 | 1,500 | 80,000 | 3,500 |
| Computer/ information scientists | 110,000 | 500 | 104,000 | 7,500 | D | D | 105,000 | 2,500 | 96,000 | 1,500 | 115,000 | 2,000 | 100,000 | 11,500 |
| Mathematical scientists | 91,000 | 2,500 | 81,000 | 5,000 | D | D | 95,000 | 4,000 | 85,000 | 7,500 | 90,000 | 3,000 | 81,000 | 14,000 |
| Physical scientists | 92,000 | 1,500 | 82,000 | 6,000 | D | D | 90,000 | 2,500 | 85,000 | 8,000 | 94,000 | 2,000 | 99,000 | 18,500 |
| Psychologists | 83,000 | 1,500 | 77,000 | 5,500 | 100,000 | 21,000 | 76,000 | 4,500 | 75,000 | 4,000 | 84,000 | 1,500 | 77,000 | 6,500 |
| Social scientists | 85,000 | 1,000 | 76,000 | 3,500 | 76,000 | 15,000 | 90,000 | 5,500 | 73,000 | 3,000 | 85,000 | 500 | 69,000 | 6,500 |
| Engineering occupations | 110,000 | 500 | 105,000 | 4,500 | 101,000 | 22,500 | 103,000 | 2,500 | 95,000 | 5,500 | 116,000 | 2,000 | 110,000 | 9,000 |
| S&E-related occupations | 115,000 | 2,000 | 96,000 | 7,000 | D | D | 120,000 | 1,000 | 94,000 | 5,500 | 115,000 | 3,500 | 104,000 | 10,500 |
| Non-S&E occupations | 116,000 | 3,000 | 99,000 | 2,500 | 59,000 | 2,500 | 119,000 | 2,500 | 95,000 | 4,500 | 120,000 | 2,000 | 102,000 | 6,500 |
| 4-year educational institutiond | 80,000 | 1,000 | 74,000 | 2,000 | 75,000 | 7,000 | 75,000 | 1,500 | 74,000 | 1,500 | 84,000 | 1,000 | 76,000 | 3,500 |
| Science occupations | 75,000 | 500 | 70,000 | 1,000 | 80,000 | 10,000 | 68,000 | 2,000 | 69,000 | 1,500 | 77,000 | 1,000 | 70,000 | 3,000 |
| Biological/ agricultural/ other life scientists | 70,000 | 1,500 | 69,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 53,000 | 2,500 | 64,000 | 5,500 | 75,000 | 1,000 | 67,000 | 5,000 |
| Computer/ information scientists | 92,000 | 2,000 | 83,000 | 5,500 | D | D | 93,000 | 3,000 | 88,000 | 9,500 | 92,000 | 2,500 | D | D |
| Mathematical scientists | 79,000 | 1,500 | 78,000 | 6,000 | D | D | 79,000 | 4,000 | 71,000 | 3,500 | 80,000 | 1,500 | D | D |
| Physical scientists | 73,000 | 2,000 | 72,000 | 4,000 | D | D | 63,000 | 3,500 | 60,000 | 3,000 | 75,000 | 1,500 | 78,000 | 4,500 |
| Psychologists | 73,000 | 2,000 | 62,000 | 3,500 | D | D | 70,000 | 3,500 | 72,000 | 6,500 | 74,000 | 2,000 | 74,000 | 7,000 |
| Social scientists | 79,000 | 1,500 | 72,000 | 3,000 | 66,000 | 11,500 | 79,000 | 2,500 | 70,000 | 1,500 | 79,000 | 1,000 | 65,000 | 1,500 |
| Engineering occupations | 97,000 | 2,500 | 96,000 | 2,500 | D | D | 82,000 | 3,000 | 83,000 | 5,500 | 102,000 | 2,000 | 113,000 | 9,000 |
| S&E-related occupations | 93,000 | 2,000 | 78,000 | 5,500 | S | S | 89,000 | 8,500 | 86,000 | 5,500 | 94,000 | 1,500 | 79,000 | 10,000 |
| Non-S&E occupations | 102,000 | 3,000 | 81,000 | 5,500 | D | D | 90,000 | 5,500 | 93,000 | 7,000 | 105,000 | 2,500 | 96,000 | 10,500 |
| Other educational institutione | 70,000 | 1,000 | 71,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 71,000 | 7,500 | 70,000 | 5,500 | 69,000 | 2,000 | 72,000 | 5,500 |
| Science occupations | 69,000 | 2,500 | 69,000 | 5,500 | D | D | 71,000 | 8,000 | 70,000 | 9,000 | 69,000 | 2,500 | S | S |
| Biological/ agricultural/ other life scientists | 60,000 | 3,500 | 51,000 | 4,500 | D | D | 53,000 | 5,500 | D | D | 62,000 | 3,500 | D | D |
| Computer/ information scientists | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Mathematical scientists | 73,000 | 5,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | 72,000 | 8,500 | D | D |
| Physical scientists | 68,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 66,000 | 11,500 | 67,000 | 4,000 | D | D |
| Psychologists | 75,000 | 3,000 | 83,000 | 8,500 | D | D | S | S | 62,000 | 10,500 | 75,000 | 3,000 | D | D |
| Social scientists | 66,000 | 8,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | 67,000 | 11,000 | D | D |
| Engineering occupations | 60,000 | 9,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| S&E-related occupations | 62,000 | 3,000 | 62,000 | 5,000 | D | D | 59,000 | 10,500 | 64,000 | 3,000 | 62,000 | 3,500 | D | D |
| Non-S&E occupations | 83,000 | 3,500 | 86,000 | 16,500 | D | D | 80,000 | 10,500 | 82,000 | 10,500 | 83,000 | 5,000 | S | S |
| Private, for-profitf | 120,000 | 500 | 119,000 | 3,000 | 112,000 | 6,000 | 116,000 | 2,500 | 103,000 | 5,000 | 125,000 | 500 | 115,000 | 7,000 |
| Science occupations | 113,000 | 2,000 | 108,000 | 4,500 | D | D | 109,000 | 1,000 | 98,000 | 2,500 | 117,000 | 3,000 | 114,000 | 7,500 |
| Biological/ agricultural/ other life scientists | 109,000 | 1,500 | 107,000 | 7,000 | D | D | 103,000 | 4,000 | 90,000 | 6,000 | 113,000 | 3,500 | 117,000 | 29,500 |
| Computer/ information scientists | 119,000 | 500 | 112,000 | 5,000 | D | D | 113,000 | 3,500 | 98,000 | 8,500 | 122,000 | 2,000 | 112,000 | 33,500 |
| Mathematical scientists | 119,000 | 2,500 | 95,000 | 9,500 | D | D | 117,000 | 4,500 | 122,000 | 11,000 | 123,000 | 4,000 | D | D |
| Physical scientists | 111,000 | 2,000 | 105,000 | 7,000 | D | D | 104,000 | 2,500 | 109,000 | 2,500 | 115,000 | 3,500 | D | D |
| Psychologists | 96,000 | 7,000 | 70,000 | 9,000 | D | D | 80,000 | 10,500 | 73,000 | 7,500 | 99,000 | 4,500 | D | D |
| Social scientists | 124,000 | 4,500 | 121,000 | 41,500 | D | D | 106,000 | 14,500 | D | D | 125,000 | 4,500 | D | D |
| Engineering occupations | 118,000 | 1,500 | 120,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 110,000 | 3,000 | 99,000 | 4,500 | 120,000 | 500 | 100,000 | 10,000 |
| S&E-related occupations | 147,000 | 3,500 | 120,000 | 14,500 | D | D | 133,000 | 6,500 | 144,000 | 14,500 | 150,000 | 1,000 | 120,000 | 15,500 |
| Non-S&E occupations | 145,000 | 5,000 | 145,000 | 14,500 | D | D | 139,000 | 6,000 | 108,000 | 11,500 | 149,000 | 500 | 130,000 | 27,000 |
| Private, nonprofit | 104,000 | 2,000 | 85,000 | 7,000 | D | D | 94,000 | 4,000 | 81,000 | 6,000 | 109,000 | 3,000 | 98,000 | 9,500 |
| Science occupations | 94,000 | 2,500 | 83,000 | 5,000 | D | D | 83,000 | 6,500 | 70,000 | 3,500 | 99,000 | 2,500 | 100,000 | 11,000 |
| Biological/ agricultural/ other life scientists | 78,000 | 5,500 | 57,000 | 13,500 | D | D | 52,000 | 5,500 | 69,000 | 20,000 | 80,000 | 4,500 | D | D |
| Computer/ information scientists | 110,000 | 11,500 | D | D | D | D | 85,000 | 20,500 | D | D | 119,000 | 7,000 | D | D |
| Mathematical scientists | 112,000 | 11,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | 122,000 | 5,000 | D | D |
| Physical scientists | 110,000 | 10,000 | D | D | D | D | 90,000 | 5,000 | D | D | 124,000 | 8,000 | D | D |
| Psychologists | 90,000 | 3,000 | 84,000 | 6,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 90,000 | 3,000 | S | S |
| Social scientists | 104,000 | 10,000 | D | D | D | D | 90,000 | 11,500 | D | D | 110,000 | 16,500 | D | D |
| Engineering occupations | 124,000 | 8,000 | D | D | D | D | 100,000 | 11,000 | D | D | 134,000 | 5,000 | D | D |
| S&E-related occupations | 137,000 | 12,000 | 87,000 | 12,000 | D | D | 149,000 | 9,500 | 77,000 | 24,500 | 138,000 | 13,000 | 121,000 | 21,000 |
| Non-S&E occupations | 101,000 | 4,000 | 96,000 | 11,500 | D | D | 88,000 | 14,000 | 85,000 | 20,500 | 104,000 | 7,000 | D | D |
| Federal government | 112,000 | 2,000 | 102,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 101,000 | 2,500 | 103,000 | 5,500 | 116,000 | 2,000 | 97,000 | 8,500 |
| Science occupations | 106,000 | 1,000 | 98,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 100,000 | 2,000 | 94,000 | 8,000 | 108,000 | 2,000 | 95,000 | 4,500 |
| Biological/ agricultural/ other life scientists | 100,000 | 3,000 | 87,000 | 4,500 | D | D | 95,000 | 4,500 | 92,000 | 6,500 | 104,000 | 3,000 | 91,000 | 9,500 |
| Computer/ information scientists | 122,000 | 8,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | 124,000 | 10,500 | D | D |
| Mathematical scientists | 116,000 | 4,000 | D | D | D | D | 107,000 | 6,000 | D | D | 123,000 | 9,500 | D | D |
| Physical scientists | 110,000 | 2,000 | 104,000 | 5,500 | D | D | 97,000 | 3,500 | 108,000 | 15,000 | 114,000 | 3,500 | D | D |
| Psychologists | 98,000 | 3,000 | 103,000 | 4,500 | D | D | 87,000 | 3,500 | D | D | 98,000 | 3,500 | D | D |
| Social scientists | 115,000 | 6,000 | D | D | D | D | 121,000 | 7,500 | 89,000 | 9,500 | 120,000 | 8,500 | D | D |
| Engineering occupations | 119,000 | 2,000 | 109,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 99,000 | 4,500 | 103,000 | 16,500 | 120,000 | 2,500 | D | D |
| S&E-related occupations | 129,000 | 5,000 | 108,000 | 8,500 | D | D | 107,000 | 13,000 | 132,000 | 21,500 | 131,000 | 4,500 | D | D |
| Non-S&E occupations | 126,000 | 3,000 | 98,000 | 7,000 | D | D | 126,000 | 17,500 | 101,000 | 8,000 | 128,000 | 2,500 | D | D |
| State or local government | 84,000 | 1,500 | 77,000 | 4,500 | D | D | 83,000 | 4,000 | 83,000 | 9,000 | 84,000 | 1,500 | 79,000 | 15,000 |
| Science occupations | 79,000 | 1,000 | 81,000 | 6,000 | D | D | 75,000 | 5,500 | 91,000 | 8,500 | 80,000 | 1,000 | 73,000 | 8,500 |
| Biological/ agricultural/ other life scientists | 70,000 | 4,000 | D | D | D | D | 55,000 | 16,500 | D | D | 70,000 | 7,500 | D | D |
| Computer/ information scientists | 82,000 | 6,500 | D | D | D | D | 84,000 | 4,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Mathematical scientists | 72,000 | 15,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Physical scientists | 75,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D | 72,000 | 5,000 | D | D | 76,000 | 3,500 | D | D |
| Psychologists | 83,000 | 2,000 | 78,000 | 9,000 | D | D | D | D | 91,000 | 8,000 | 83,000 | 2,000 | D | D |
| Social scientists | 75,000 | 5,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | 73,000 | 6,000 | D | D |
| Engineering occupations | 89,000 | 4,500 | D | D | D | D | 80,000 | 5,000 | D | D | 98,000 | 6,000 | D | D |
| S&E-related occupations | 93,000 | 3,500 | D | D | D | D | 94,000 | 7,500 | 79,000 | 6,000 | 94,000 | 3,500 | D | D |
| Non-S&E occupations | 87,000 | 5,500 | 69,000 | 8,500 | D | D | 97,000 | 33,000 | 79,000 | 24,000 | 87,000 | 5,500 | D | D |
| Self-employedg | 90,000 | 3,000 | 102,000 | 25,000 | D | D | 79,000 | 13,000 | 94,000 | 44,000 | 90,000 | 4,500 | D | D |
| Science occupations | 95,000 | 5,500 | 85,000 | 11,000 | D | D | 64,000 | 19,500 | S | S | 98,000 | 5,000 | D | D |
| Biological/ agricultural/ other life scientists | 93,000 | 14,500 | D | D | D | D | S | S | D | D | 95,000 | 12,000 | D | D |
| Computer/ information scientists | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | 53,000 | 22,500 | D | D |
| Mathematical scientists | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Physical scientists | 91,000 | 19,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | 92,000 | 20,500 | D | D |
| Psychologists | 95,000 | 4,500 | 80,000 | 35,500 | D | D | S | S | S | S | 97,000 | 4,000 | D | D |
| Social scientists | 93,000 | 9,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | 100,000 | 12,000 | D | D |
| Engineering occupations | 89,000 | 8,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | 95,000 | 10,000 | D | D |
| S&E-related occupations | 112,000 | 6,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | 103,000 | 6,000 | D | D |
| Non-S&E occupations | 55,000 | 8,500 | D | D | D | D | S | S | S | S | 52,000 | 8,500 | D | D |
| Other sectorh | 147,000 | 19,000 | 144,000 | 23,500 | D | D | 109,000 | 27,500 | D | D | 159,000 | 27,500 | D | D |
| Science occupations | 110,000 | 32,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | 136,000 | 39,500 | D | D |
| Biological/ agricultural/ other life scientists | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Computer/ information scientists | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Mathematical scientists | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Physical scientists | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Psychologists | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Social scientists | 179,000 | 36,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | 195,000 | 10,000 | D | D |
| Engineering occupations | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| S&E-related occupations | 98,000 | 38,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Non-S&E occupations | 184,000 | 14,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | 185,000 | 16,500 | D | D |
| D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. S = suppressed for reliability; coefficient of variation exceeds publication standards. S&E = science and engineering; SE = standard error. |
| a Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. b American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, black or African American, and white are single race. c Other race includes Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander and persons reporting more than one race who are not of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. |
| d Includes 4-year colleges or universities, medical schools (including university-affiliated hospitals or medical centers), and university-affiliated research institutes. e Includes 2-year colleges, community colleges, technical institutes, precollege institutions, and other educational institutions. f Includes those self-employed in an incorporated business. g Self-employed or business owner in a nonincorporated business. h Includes employers not broken out separately. |
| NOTE: Median annual salaries are for the principal job and are rounded to the nearest $1,000. Standard errors are rounded up to the nearest 500. |
| SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 2010. |
| Data from survey cycle 2010, as of August 21, 2013. |
