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| Table 32-3. Labor force participation rate among doctoral scientists and engineers, by occupation: 2013 |
| Occupation | Labor force participation rate |
|
|---|---|---|
| Percent | SE | |
| All occupations | 87.8 | 0.20 |
| Science occupations | 88.0 | 0.25 |
| Biological/ agricultural/ other life scientists | 89.1 | 0.45 |
| Agricultural/ food scientists | 86.4 | 1.85 |
| Biochemists/ biophysicists | 90.2 | 1.15 |
| Biological scientists | 88.2 | 1.30 |
| Forestry/ conservation scientists | 80.0 | 5.25 |
| Medical scientists | 91.3 | 0.80 |
| Postsecondary teachers, agricultural/ other natural sciences | 86.3 | 2.10 |
| Postsecondary teachers, biological sciences | 87.1 | 1.00 |
| Other biological/ agricultural/ life scientists | 92.9 | 1.10 |
| Computer/ information scientists | 89.3 | 0.80 |
| Computer/ information scientists | 89.8 | 0.80 |
| Postsecondary teachers, computer science | 87.4 | 2.00 |
| Mathematical scientists | 87.9 | 0.85 |
| Mathematical scientists | 88.4 | 1.45 |
| Postsecondary teachers, mathematics/ statistics | 87.0 | 1.10 |
| Physical scientists | 85.5 | 0.60 |
| Chemists, except biochemists | 80.8 | 1.30 |
| Earth/ atmospheric/ ocean scientists | 85.8 | 1.55 |
| Physicists/ astronomers | 87.8 | 1.35 |
| Postsecondary teachers, chemistry | 87.1 | 1.25 |
| Postsecondary teachers, physics | 86.8 | 1.60 |
| Postsecondary teachers, other physical sciences | 90.4 | 1.80 |
| Other physical scientists | 86.4 | 2.55 |
| Psychologists | 89.6 | 0.55 |
| Psychologists | 89.6 | 0.65 |
| Postsecondary teachers, psychology | 89.1 | 1.15 |
| Social scientists | 86.0 | 0.70 |
| Economists | 85.9 | 2.20 |
| Political scientists | 62.5 | 7.45 |
| Postsecondary teachers, economics | 88.1 | 1.90 |
| Postsecondary teachers, political science | 86.8 | 1.80 |
| Postsecondary teachers, sociology | 82.6 | 2.05 |
| Postsecondary teachers, other social sciences | 88.1 | 1.45 |
| Sociologists/ anthropologists | 80.5 | 3.05 |
| Other social scientists | 88.6 | 1.85 |
| Engineering occupations | 89.7 | 0.60 |
| Aerospace/ aeronautical/ astronautical engineers | 85.3 | 2.45 |
| Chemical engineers | 85.7 | 2.15 |
| Civil/ architectural/ sanitary engineers | 90.4 | 2.25 |
| Electrical engineers | 91.4 | 1.10 |
| Industrial engineersa | 78.6 | 5.65 |
| Mechanical engineers | 88.8 | 1.85 |
| Postsecondary teachers, engineering | 91.5 | 1.15 |
| Other engineersa | 89.3 | 1.05 |
| S&E-related occupations | 88.0 | 0.65 |
| Health occupations, except postsecondary teachers and managers | 88.3 | 1.20 |
| Postsecondary teachers, health and related sciences | 89.3 | 1.20 |
| S&E managers, including health | 88.1 | 0.95 |
| S&E precollege teachers | 84.6 | 3.15 |
| S&E technicians and technologists | 84.8 | 3.60 |
| Other S&E-related occupations | 85.7 | 9.60 |
| Non-S&E occupations | 86.0 | 0.45 |
| Arts/ humanities-related occupations | 82.6 | 2.50 |
| Management-related occupations | 86.0 | 1.15 |
| Non-S&E managers | 87.4 | 0.75 |
| Non-S&E postsecondary teachers | 89.0 | 1.30 |
| Non-S&E precollege/ other teachers | 75.0 | 3.65 |
| Sales/ marketing occupations | 84.4 | 2.15 |
| Social service–related occupations | 86.7 | 1.95 |
| Other non-S&E occupations | 79.7 | 1.65 |
| Codes used in data tables: * = suppressed when population estimate < 50. D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. S = suppressed for reliability; coefficient of variation exceeds publication standards. |
| S&E = science and engineering; SE = standard error. |
| a From 1999 to 2008, data for Industrial engineers were mislabeled as "Materials/metallurgical engineers". For all years, data in this category have included only industrial engineers. For all years, data on Materials/metallurgical engineers have been included only in Other engineers. |
| NOTES: Labor force is defined as those employed (E) plus those unemployed and seeking work (U). Population (P) is defined as all science, engineering, or health doctorate holders under age 76, residing in the United States during the week of 1 February 2013, who earned doctorates from U.S. institutions. Labor force participation rate = (E+U)/P. |
| SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 2013. |
| Data from survey cycle 2013, as of 18 February 2014. |
