Table 45-2. Employed doctoral scientists and engineers, by occupation and primary work activity: 2013 |
Occupation | All employed | R&D | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total |
Any R&D | Applied research |
Basic research |
Design |
Development |
Computer applications |
Management, sales, or administrationa | Professional services |
Teaching |
Other work activityb | ||||||||||||
Number | SE | Number | SE | Number | SE | Number | SE | Number | SE | Number | SE | Number | SE | Number | SE | Number | SE | Number | SE | Number | SE | |
All occupations | 720,800 | 1,900 | 290,700 | 2,250 | 135,700 | 1,900 | 86,300 | 1,450 | 18,900 | 750 | 49,900 | 1,250 | 29,600 | 950 | 137,100 | 2,150 | 89,400 | 1,400 | 140,800 | 1,800 | 33,200 | 900 |
Science occupations | 417,100 | 2,350 | 190,400 | 1,950 | 89,700 | 1,550 | 73,900 | 1,400 | 5,500 | 450 | 21,200 | 800 | 21,600 | 800 | 41,900 | 1,100 | 48,400 | 1,050 | 101,000 | 1,600 | 13,900 | 600 |
Biological/ agricultural/ other life scientists | 133,900 | 1,400 | 84,400 | 1,300 | 36,500 | 1,000 | 38,900 | 1,050 | 700 | 150 | 8,300 | 500 | 1,000 | 200 | 16,100 | 800 | 4,400 | 400 | 23,000 | 850 | 5,100 | 300 |
Agricultural/ food scientists | 8,700 | 450 | 5,800 | 450 | 4,100 | 400 | 600 | 150 | D | D | 1,000 | 200 | D | D | 1,700 | 250 | 300 | 150 | D | D | 600 | 150 |
Biochemists/ biophysicists | 14,800 | 600 | 12,500 | 600 | 4,300 | 350 | 6,500 | 450 | 200 | 100 | 1,500 | 250 | D | D | 1,600 | 250 | D | D | D | D | 500 | 150 |
Biological scientists | 19,500 | 800 | 15,800 | 700 | 7,800 | 550 | 6,900 | 450 | D | D | 1,000 | 200 | D | D | 2,400 | 300 | 500 | 150 | D | D | 600 | 150 |
Forestry/ conservation scientists | 1,600 | 200 | 1,100 | 200 | 900 | 200 | 100 | 100 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 300 | 100 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Medical scientists | 33,400 | 1,000 | 24,500 | 800 | 12,000 | 600 | 9,400 | 500 | 200 | 100 | 2,900 | 350 | 400 | 150 | 4,400 | 400 | 2,400 | 300 | 200 | 100 | 1,600 | 250 |
Postsecondary teachers, agricultural/ other natural sciences | 6,900 | 450 | 2,800 | 350 | 1,500 | 250 | 1,200 | 200 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 500 | 150 | D | D | 3,300 | 350 | 200 | 100 |
Postsecondary teachers, biological sciences | 33,900 | 1,050 | 11,300 | 600 | 2,000 | 300 | 9,200 | 550 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 2,700 | 350 | 200 | 100 | 19,300 | 800 | 500 | 150 |
Other biological/ agricultural/ life scientists | 15,200 | 700 | 10,600 | 650 | 4,000 | 350 | 5,000 | 400 | 100 | 100 | 1,600 | 250 | 400 | 150 | 2,400 | 300 | 800 | 200 | D | D | 900 | 150 |
Computer/ information scientists | 42,600 | 1,000 | 13,900 | 600 | 6,600 | 400 | 2,400 | 300 | 2,000 | 300 | 2,900 | 300 | 16,800 | 650 | 5,100 | 450 | 500 | 150 | 5,000 | 350 | 1,300 | 250 |
Computer/ information scientists | 34,400 | 950 | 11,300 | 600 | 5,500 | 400 | 1,000 | 150 | 1,900 | 300 | 2,900 | 300 | 16,600 | 650 | 4,700 | 400 | 500 | 150 | 200 | 100 | 1,200 | 200 |
Postsecondary teachers, computer science | 8,200 | 500 | 2,600 | 350 | 1,100 | 250 | 1,400 | 250 | D | D | D | D | 200 | 100 | 500 | 150 | D | D | 4,900 | 350 | D | D |
Mathematical scientists | 30,800 | 850 | 13,600 | 550 | 7,300 | 450 | 4,300 | 350 | 1,000 | 200 | 1,000 | 200 | 2,200 | 300 | 2,200 | 300 | 500 | 150 | 11,700 | 550 | 600 | 150 |
Mathematical scientists | 13,400 | 600 | 9,000 | 500 | 6,100 | 400 | 1,000 | 200 | 1,000 | 200 | 900 | 200 | 2,100 | 300 | 1,400 | 250 | 400 | 150 | D | D | 400 | 150 |
Postsecondary teachers, mathematics/ statistics | 17,300 | 600 | 4,600 | 400 | 1,200 | 200 | 3,300 | 300 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 800 | 200 | D | D | 11,600 | 550 | 200 | 100 |
Physical scientists | 81,100 | 1,150 | 45,000 | 1,000 | 19,800 | 750 | 15,900 | 650 | 1,600 | 250 | 7,700 | 550 | 1,200 | 200 | 8,500 | 550 | 1,300 | 200 | 22,000 | 750 | 3,000 | 350 |
Chemists, except biochemists | 20,200 | 700 | 15,200 | 650 | 7,700 | 450 | 2,200 | 250 | 400 | 150 | 4,900 | 450 | D | D | 3,200 | 350 | 300 | 100 | D | D | 1,400 | 250 |
Earth/ atmospheric/ ocean scientists | 10,700 | 500 | 8,000 | 450 | 4,400 | 350 | 2,900 | 250 | 200 | 100 | 600 | 150 | 500 | 150 | 1,300 | 200 | 200 | 100 | D | D | 600 | 150 |
Physicists/ astronomers | 12,500 | 550 | 9,800 | 500 | 4,300 | 350 | 3,400 | 350 | 900 | 200 | 1,300 | 200 | 600 | 150 | 1,300 | 250 | 300 | 100 | D | D | 500 | 150 |
Postsecondary teachers, chemistry | 15,400 | 650 | 3,000 | 350 | 500 | 150 | 2,600 | 300 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 900 | 200 | D | D | 11,100 | 600 | 200 | 100 |
Postsecondary teachers, physics | 9,800 | 500 | 3,100 | 300 | 200 | 100 | 2,800 | 300 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 600 | 200 | D | D | 6,000 | 400 | D | D |
Postsecondary teachers, other physical sciences | 7,500 | 450 | 2,300 | 250 | 800 | 150 | 1,500 | 250 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 300 | 100 | D | D | 4,700 | 400 | D | D |
Other physical scientists | 5,100 | 450 | 3,600 | 400 | 1,900 | 250 | 700 | 150 | 200 | 100 | 800 | 200 | D | D | 900 | 200 | 400 | 100 | D | D | 200 | 100 |
Psychologists | 69,900 | 1,100 | 10,900 | 500 | 6,500 | 450 | 3,700 | 300 | D | D | 600 | 150 | D | D | 4,400 | 400 | 39,900 | 1,000 | 13,000 | 550 | 1,700 | 250 |
Psychologists | 50,500 | 1,100 | 6,200 | 450 | 4,500 | 400 | 1,100 | 200 | D | D | 600 | 150 | D | D | 3,100 | 350 | 39,200 | 950 | 600 | 150 | 1,400 | 250 |
Postsecondary teachers, psychology | 19,400 | 650 | 4,700 | 400 | 2,000 | 300 | 2,600 | 300 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 1,300 | 250 | 700 | 150 | 12,300 | 550 | 300 | 150 |
Social scientists | 58,800 | 1,050 | 22,600 | 700 | 13,000 | 600 | 8,700 | 500 | 100 | 100 | 800 | 150 | 300 | 100 | 5,500 | 450 | 1,800 | 250 | 26,400 | 800 | 2,200 | 300 |
Economists | 7,300 | 400 | 4,600 | 350 | 3,900 | 300 | 600 | 150 | D | D | S | S | D | D | 1,000 | 200 | 1,100 | 200 | D | D | 400 | 150 |
Political scientists | 1,000 | 200 | 700 | 150 | 300 | 150 | 300 | 100 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Postsecondary teachers, economics | 9,400 | 500 | 3,700 | 350 | 1,500 | 250 | 2,200 | 300 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 400 | 150 | D | D | 5,200 | 400 | 100 | 100 |
Postsecondary teachers, political science | 9,000 | 450 | 1,600 | 250 | D | D | 1,500 | 200 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 600 | 150 | D | D | 6,500 | 400 | 200 | 100 |
Postsecondary teachers, sociology | 7,600 | 400 | 1,700 | 250 | 200 | 100 | 1,500 | 200 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 300 | 100 | D | D | 5,400 | 350 | 200 | 100 |
Postsecondary teachers, other social sciences | 13,800 | 550 | 3,300 | 300 | 1,700 | 250 | 1,600 | 250 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 1,000 | 200 | D | D | 9,200 | 450 | 300 | 100 |
Sociologists/ anthropologists | 3,100 | 250 | 2,300 | 250 | 1,500 | 200 | 700 | 150 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 300 | 100 | 200 | 100 | 100 | 50 | 200 | 100 |
Other social scientists | 7,600 | 450 | 4,700 | 350 | 3,800 | 300 | 400 | 100 | D | D | 500 | 150 | 200 | 100 | 1,800 | 250 | 400 | 150 | D | D | 600 | 150 |
Engineering occupations | 93,700 | 1,300 | 59,200 | 1,150 | 24,500 | 750 | 4,700 | 400 | 9,900 | 550 | 20,100 | 800 | 3,900 | 400 | 13,400 | 650 | 2,200 | 350 | 10,400 | 600 | 4,500 | 400 |
Aerospace/ aeronautical/ astronautical engineers | 5,700 | 450 | 4,100 | 400 | 1,600 | 250 | 100 | 100 | 1,200 | 200 | 1,200 | 200 | 400 | 150 | 700 | 200 | D | D | D | D | 300 | 150 |
Chemical engineers | 7,700 | 500 | 5,500 | 400 | 2,500 | 300 | 100 | 100 | 700 | 200 | 2,200 | 300 | 200 | 100 | 1,400 | 250 | D | D | D | D | 500 | 150 |
Civil/ architectural/ sanitary engineers | 4,700 | 450 | 2,700 | 350 | 900 | 250 | D | D | 1,100 | 200 | 600 | 150 | S | S | 900 | 200 | 500 | 150 | D | D | 400 | 150 |
Electrical engineers | 19,600 | 650 | 14,800 | 600 | 4,600 | 400 | 300 | 100 | 2,800 | 300 | 7,100 | 500 | 1,700 | 250 | 2,000 | 300 | 100 | 100 | D | D | 1,000 | 200 |
Industrial engineersc | 1,100 | 200 | 700 | 200 | 400 | 150 | D | D | D | D | 200 | 100 | D | D | 200 | 100 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Mechanical engineers | 9,400 | 550 | 7,000 | 500 | 2,800 | 300 | 200 | 100 | 1,600 | 250 | 2,400 | 300 | 500 | 150 | 1,400 | 200 | 300 | 150 | D | D | 200 | 100 |
Postsecondary teachers, engineering | 21,400 | 750 | 8,600 | 500 | 5,400 | 400 | 2,900 | 300 | D | D | 200 | 150 | D | D | 2,200 | 250 | D | D | 10,100 | 600 | 300 | 150 |
Other engineersc | 24,200 | 850 | 15,700 | 700 | 6,300 | 450 | 900 | 150 | 2,400 | 300 | 6,100 | 500 | 900 | 200 | 4,600 | 400 | 1,000 | 200 | 200 | 100 | 1,800 | 250 |
S&E-related occupations | 78,900 | 1,300 | 19,200 | 700 | 11,000 | 550 | 4,400 | 350 | 1,100 | 200 | 2,600 | 300 | 2,200 | 250 | 21,500 | 900 | 19,200 | 700 | 14,400 | 700 | 2,400 | 250 |
Health occupations, except postsecondary teachers and managers | 22,500 | 800 | 3,400 | 300 | 2,000 | 250 | 900 | 200 | D | D | 400 | 150 | D | D | 2,500 | 300 | 15,000 | 600 | 300 | 100 | 1,300 | 200 |
Postsecondary teachers, health and related sciences | 21,200 | 800 | 6,600 | 450 | 4,200 | 400 | 2,400 | 250 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 2,100 | 300 | 2,200 | 250 | 9,900 | 550 | 400 | 150 |
S&E managers, including health | 27,700 | 800 | 8,400 | 450 | 4,600 | 350 | 1,200 | 200 | 700 | 150 | 1,900 | 300 | 400 | 150 | 16,600 | 800 | 1,800 | 300 | D | D | 600 | 150 |
S&E precollege teachers | 4,300 | 400 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | 4,200 | 400 | D | D |
S&E technicians and technologists | 2,600 | 300 | 600 | 150 | 200 | 100 | D | D | 200 | 100 | 200 | 100 | 1,600 | 250 | 200 | 100 | D | D | D | D | 200 | 100 |
Other S&E-related occupations | 600 | 150 | 200 | 100 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | 200 | 100 | D | D | D | D |
Non-S&E occupations | 131,200 | 1,850 | 22,000 | 750 | 10,400 | 500 | 3,200 | 350 | 2,400 | 300 | 6,000 | 450 | 1,900 | 250 | 60,300 | 1,400 | 19,600 | 700 | 14,900 | 700 | 12,400 | 600 |
Arts/ humanities-related occupations | 6,900 | 450 | 1,200 | 200 | 300 | 150 | 100 | 100 | D | D | 600 | 200 | D | D | 1,100 | 200 | 1,800 | 250 | 300 | 100 | 2,600 | 300 |
Management-related occupations | 22,400 | 800 | 3,700 | 350 | 1,700 | 250 | D | D | 600 | 200 | 1,200 | 200 | 400 | 100 | 11,200 | 600 | 3,900 | 350 | 500 | 150 | 2,700 | 250 |
Non-S&E managers | 57,200 | 1,300 | 11,100 | 600 | 5,200 | 400 | 1,100 | 200 | 1,400 | 250 | 3,400 | 350 | 1,100 | 200 | 37,400 | 1,050 | 4,200 | 400 | 300 | 100 | 3,100 | 300 |
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers | 16,700 | 650 | 4,200 | 350 | 2,200 | 250 | 1,700 | 250 | D | D | 300 | 100 | D | D | 1,400 | 200 | 200 | 100 | 10,600 | 550 | 400 | 150 |
Non-S&E precollege/ other teachers | 2,800 | 350 | 100 | 100 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | 200 | 100 | D | D | 2,300 | 300 | 100 | 100 |
Sales/ marketing occupations | 7,700 | 550 | 800 | 150 | 500 | 150 | D | D | D | D | 200 | 100 | 300 | 150 | 5,200 | 450 | 700 | 150 | D | D | 600 | 150 |
Social service–related occupations | 6,200 | 450 | 300 | 100 | 200 | 100 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | 800 | 200 | 4,100 | 350 | 500 | 150 | 400 | 150 |
Other non-S&E occupations | 11,100 | 600 | 500 | 150 | 200 | 100 | 200 | 100 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 3,000 | 300 | 4,700 | 400 | 300 | 100 | 2,600 | 300 |
Codes used in data tables: * = suppressed when population estimate < 50. D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. S = suppressed for reliability; coefficient of variation exceeds publication standards. |
S&E = science and engineering; SE = standard error. |
a Administration includes accounting, finance, contracts, and human resources. |
b Other work activity includes production, operations, maintenance, and other activities not broken out separately. |
c From 1999 to 2008, data for Industrial engineers were mislabeled as "Materials/metallurgical engineers." For all years, data in this category have included only industrial engineers. For all years, data on Materials/metallurgical engineers have been included only in Other engineers. |
NOTES: Numbers are rounded to the nearest 100. Standard errors are rounded up to the nearest 50. Detail may exceed total due to multiple responses. Primary and secondary work activities were based on response to the question: "On which two activities...did you work the most hours during a typical week on this job?" |
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 2013. |
Data from survey cycle 2013, as of 18 February 2014. |