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| Table 4-2. Involuntarily out-of-field rate among doctoral scientists and engineers, by field of doctorate: 2013 |
| Field | Involuntarily out-of-field rate |
|
|---|---|---|
| Percent | SE | |
| All fields | 3.0 | 0.15 |
| Science | 3.1 | 0.15 |
| Biological/ agricultural/ environmental life sciences | 2.9 | 0.20 |
| Agricultural/ food sciences | 3.0 | 0.65 |
| Biochemistry/ biophysics | 4.3 | 0.70 |
| Cell/ molecular biology | 2.8 | 0.60 |
| Environmental life sciences | 2.6 | 0.90 |
| Microbiology | 3.1 | 0.95 |
| Zoology | 4.4 | 1.20 |
| Other biological sciences | 2.4 | 0.30 |
| Computer/ information sciences | 1.4 | 0.55 |
| Mathematics/ statistics | 3.7 | 0.70 |
| Physical sciences | 4.9 | 0.35 |
| Astronomy/ astrophysics | 4.0 | 1.40 |
| Chemistry, except biochemistry | 3.8 | 0.45 |
| Earth/ atmospheric/ ocean sciencesa | 3.6 | 0.80 |
| Physics | 7.4 | 0.80 |
| Psychology | 1.2 | 0.20 |
| Social sciences | 3.3 | 0.30 |
| Economics | 1.3 | 0.40 |
| Political sciences | 2.9 | 0.65 |
| Sociology | 3.5 | 0.70 |
| Other social sciences | 5.4 | 0.75 |
| Engineering | 3.1 | 0.30 |
| Aerospace/ aeronautical/ astronautical engineering | 3.8 | 1.55 |
| Chemical engineering | 4.8 | 1.00 |
| Civil engineering | 1.8 | 0.75 |
| Electrical/ computer engineering | 2.0 | 0.40 |
| Materials/ metallurgical engineering | 4.3 | 1.00 |
| Mechanical engineering | 3.6 | 0.80 |
| Other engineering | 3.2 | 0.65 |
| Health | 1.2 | 0.25 |
| Codes used in data tables: * = suppressed when population estimate < 50. D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. S = suppressed for reliability; coefficient of variation exceeds publication standards. SE = standard error. a Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences includes other physical sciences. |
| NOTES: Involuntarily out-of-field rate is the percentage of employed individuals who reported, for their principal job, working in an area not related to the first doctoral degree at least partially because a job in their doctoral degree field was not available. |
| SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 2013. |
| Data from survey cycle 2013, as of 18 February 2014. |
