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| Table 51. Median annual salaries of full-time employed doctoral scientists and engineers, by field of doctorate and citizenship status: 2013 |
| (Dollars) |
| Field | All full-time employed | U.S. citizen | Non-U.S. citizen | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Total | Native born | Naturalized | Total | Permanent resident | Temporary resident | ||||||||
| Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | |
| All fields | 100,000 | 500 | 104,000 | 1,000 | 100,000 | 500 | 118,000 | 2,000 | 90,000 | 500 | 95,000 | 2,000 | 75,000 | 2,000 |
| Science | 98,000 | 1,000 | 100,000 | 500 | 98,000 | 1,000 | 108,000 | 2,000 | 82,000 | 1,500 | 89,000 | 2,000 | 63,000 | 2,500 |
| Biological/ agricultural/ environmental life sciences | 95,000 | 1,000 | 100,000 | 1,500 | 98,000 | 2,000 | 102,000 | 4,500 | 64,000 | 1,500 | 79,000 | 2,500 | 47,000 | 1,500 |
| Agricultural/ food sciences | 94,000 | 2,000 | 99,000 | 3,500 | 99,000 | 3,000 | 90,000 | 6,000 | 78,000 | 6,000 | 85,000 | 4,500 | 38,000 | 1,500 |
| Biochemistry/ biophysics | 101,000 | 3,000 | 107,000 | 3,500 | 107,000 | 4,000 | 108,000 | 7,000 | 59,000 | 5,000 | 83,000 | 6,000 | 45,000 | 1,000 |
| Cell/ molecular biology | 90,000 | 2,000 | 98,000 | 4,000 | 97,000 | 4,500 | 96,000 | 6,500 | 59,000 | 2,000 | 67,000 | 5,000 | 45,000 | 1,500 |
| Environmental life sciences | 84,000 | 2,000 | 85,000 | 1,500 | 85,000 | 1,500 | 83,000 | 6,000 | 60,000 | 11,500 | 71,000 | 9,500 | 47,000 | 9,000 |
| Microbiology | 98,000 | 2,500 | 101,000 | 4,000 | 99,000 | 3,000 | 109,000 | 11,000 | 62,000 | 7,000 | 62,000 | 12,500 | D | D |
| Zoology | 89,000 | 4,000 | 90,000 | 3,500 | 90,000 | 3,500 | 93,000 | 8,000 | 42,000 | 4,000 | D | D | S | S |
| Other biological sciences | 94,000 | 2,000 | 99,000 | 2,500 | 95,000 | 2,500 | 110,000 | 5,000 | 67,000 | 4,000 | 79,000 | 2,500 | 50,000 | 2,000 |
| Computer/ information sciences | 120,000 | 500 | 122,000 | 4,000 | 119,000 | 3,500 | 126,000 | 4,500 | 109,000 | 6,500 | 110,000 | 9,000 | 108,000 | 8,000 |
| Mathematics/ statistics | 98,000 | 2,500 | 100,000 | 2,000 | 97,000 | 3,500 | 105,000 | 3,000 | 95,000 | 2,500 | 98,000 | 3,000 | 76,000 | 6,500 |
| Physical sciences | 106,000 | 2,000 | 110,000 | 2,000 | 110,000 | 500 | 117,000 | 3,500 | 80,000 | 2,000 | 86,000 | 4,000 | 58,000 | 4,000 |
| Astronomy/ astrophysics | 93,000 | 6,000 | 96,000 | 6,000 | 94,000 | 5,500 | 118,000 | 13,000 | 58,000 | 3,500 | D | D | D | D |
| Chemistry, except biochemistry | 106,000 | 2,000 | 111,000 | 2,000 | 110,000 | 1,000 | 117,000 | 3,000 | 81,000 | 3,500 | 86,000 | 4,500 | 51,000 | 5,000 |
| Earth/ atmospheric/ ocean sciencesa | 100,000 | 2,500 | 103,000 | 2,500 | 104,000 | 2,500 | 99,000 | 2,500 | 75,000 | 4,000 | 78,000 | 4,000 | 63,000 | 12,000 |
| Physics | 111,000 | 3,000 | 119,000 | 1,500 | 118,000 | 3,000 | 125,000 | 4,000 | 83,000 | 4,500 | 90,000 | 4,500 | 63,000 | 6,500 |
| Psychology | 90,000 | 500 | 90,000 | 500 | 90,000 | 500 | 93,000 | 5,000 | 65,000 | 4,000 | 68,000 | 6,000 | 62,000 | 5,500 |
| Social sciences | 91,000 | 1,500 | 92,000 | 1,500 | 91,000 | 2,000 | 95,000 | 3,000 | 88,000 | 3,000 | 88,000 | 3,000 | 85,000 | 5,500 |
| Economics | 120,000 | 3,500 | 124,000 | 3,500 | 127,000 | 4,000 | 114,000 | 7,000 | 112,000 | 6,000 | 113,000 | 6,000 | 109,000 | 12,000 |
| Political sciences | 88,000 | 2,500 | 89,000 | 1,500 | 89,000 | 2,500 | 93,000 | 4,500 | 68,000 | 7,000 | 72,000 | 9,000 | 63,000 | 5,000 |
| Sociology | 83,000 | 2,500 | 84,000 | 2,000 | 84,000 | 2,500 | 79,000 | 6,000 | 71,000 | 4,000 | 71,000 | 8,500 | D | D |
| Other social sciences | 80,000 | 1,500 | 81,000 | 2,500 | 80,000 | 2,000 | 88,000 | 3,000 | 70,000 | 3,500 | 70,000 | 4,000 | 66,000 | 6,000 |
| Engineering | 120,000 | 500 | 127,000 | 2,500 | 124,000 | 1,000 | 130,000 | 500 | 100,000 | 500 | 104,000 | 2,000 | 90,000 | 500 |
| Aerospace/ aeronautical/ astronautical engineering | 129,000 | 5,500 | 138,000 | 5,500 | 140,000 | 4,500 | 129,000 | 8,500 | 97,000 | 4,500 | 98,000 | 10,500 | 85,000 | 15,500 |
| Chemical engineering | 121,000 | 3,000 | 130,000 | 3,000 | 126,000 | 5,000 | 139,000 | 7,000 | 98,000 | 3,000 | 100,000 | 2,500 | 75,000 | 11,000 |
| Civil engineering | 104,000 | 3,500 | 115,000 | 4,500 | 110,000 | 3,000 | 119,000 | 2,500 | 84,000 | 3,000 | 88,000 | 4,000 | 75,000 | 5,500 |
| Electrical/ computer engineering | 128,000 | 2,500 | 140,000 | 4,000 | 135,000 | 4,000 | 149,000 | 6,000 | 110,000 | 1,000 | 112,000 | 3,500 | 100,000 | 3,500 |
| Materials/ metallurgical engineering | 119,000 | 2,500 | 124,000 | 3,500 | 124,000 | 3,000 | 124,000 | 7,000 | 99,000 | 5,000 | 98,000 | 3,500 | 92,000 | 6,500 |
| Mechanical engineering | 110,000 | 3,000 | 120,000 | 2,000 | 120,000 | 3,000 | 121,000 | 5,000 | 97,000 | 3,000 | 100,000 | 1,500 | 89,000 | 3,500 |
| Other engineering | 110,000 | 1,500 | 116,000 | 4,000 | 113,000 | 5,000 | 119,000 | 3,000 | 93,000 | 4,000 | 104,000 | 5,500 | 85,000 | 4,000 |
| Health | 97,000 | 2,500 | 98,000 | 2,000 | 95,000 | 2,000 | 113,000 | 8,500 | 85,000 | 6,500 | 94,000 | 6,000 | 68,000 | 8,000 |
| Codes used in data tables: * = suppressed when population estimate < 50. D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. S = suppressed for reliability; coefficient of variation exceeds publication standards. SE = standard error. |
| a Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences includes other physical sciences. |
| NOTES: Median annual salaries are for the principal job and are rounded to the nearest $1,000. Standard errors are rounded up to the nearest $500. |
| SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, 2013. |
| Data from survey cycle 2013, as of 18 February 2014. |
