Table 4-2. Involuntarily out-of-field rate among U.S. residing doctoral scientists and engineers, by field of doctorate: 2015
| Field |
Involuntarily out-of-field rate |
| Percent |
SE |
| All fields |
3.0 |
0.10 |
| Science |
3.3 |
0.15 |
| Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences |
3.5 |
0.25 |
| Agricultural/food sciences |
3.0 |
0.45 |
| Biochemistry/biophysics |
4.2 |
0.65 |
| Cell/molecular biology |
4.3 |
0.95 |
| Environmental life sciences |
3.5 |
1.05 |
| Microbiology |
2.2 |
0.75 |
| Zoology |
5.2 |
1.30 |
| Other biological sciences |
3.2 |
0.30 |
| Computer/information sciences |
1.5 |
0.50 |
| Mathematics/statistics |
3.2 |
0.60 |
| Physical sciences |
4.8 |
0.30 |
| Astronomy/astrophysics |
4.1 |
1.15 |
| Chemistry, except biochemistry |
4.2 |
0.40 |
| Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciencesa |
3.6 |
0.40 |
| Physics |
6.4 |
0.65 |
| Psychology |
1.2 |
0.15 |
| Social sciences |
3.7 |
0.35 |
| Economics |
1.0 |
0.40 |
| Political sciences |
4.2 |
0.80 |
| Sociology |
2.9 |
0.70 |
| Other social sciences |
5.8 |
0.70 |
| Engineering |
2.7 |
0.25 |
| Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineering |
6.3 |
1.90 |
| Chemical engineering |
3.1 |
0.65 |
| Civil engineering |
1.0 |
0.45 |
| Electrical/computer engineering |
1.6 |
0.30 |
| Materials and metallurgical engineering |
3.6 |
0.75 |
| Mechanical engineering |
3.1 |
0.80 |
| Other engineering |
3.2 |
0.45 |
| Health |
1.1 |
0.30 |
