Table 66. Median annual salaries of U.S. residing full-time employed doctoral scientists and engineers, by occupation and citizenship status: 2015
(Dollars)
Occupation |
All full-time employed |
U.S. citizen |
Non-U.S. citizen |
Total |
Native born |
Naturalized |
Total |
Permanent resident |
Temporary resident |
Median salary |
SE |
Median salary |
SE |
Median salary |
SE |
Median salary |
SE |
Median salary |
SE |
Median salary |
SE |
Median salary |
SE |
All occupations |
106,000 |
1,000 |
110,000 |
1,500 |
104,000 |
1,500 |
125,000 |
2,000 |
97,000 |
1,500 |
100,000 |
500 |
83,000 |
2,500 |
Science occupations |
97,000 |
1,000 |
100,000 |
500 |
95,000 |
1,500 |
110,000 |
500 |
89,000 |
2,500 |
95,000 |
1,500 |
70,000 |
2,000 |
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists |
90,000 |
500 |
95,000 |
1,000 |
92,000 |
1,500 |
103,000 |
3,000 |
65,000 |
2,000 |
78,000 |
3,500 |
48,000 |
1,000 |
Agricultural/food scientists |
100,000 |
2,500 |
104,000 |
2,000 |
107,000 |
3,000 |
94,000 |
1,500 |
76,000 |
5,500 |
80,000 |
3,500 |
68,000 |
12,000 |
Biochemists/biophysicists |
90,000 |
4,000 |
105,000 |
6,000 |
99,000 |
6,500 |
119,000 |
8,000 |
50,000 |
2,000 |
61,000 |
6,000 |
45,000 |
1,500 |
Biological scientists |
78,000 |
2,500 |
83,000 |
3,000 |
82,000 |
3,500 |
87,000 |
8,000 |
50,000 |
1,000 |
57,000 |
4,500 |
44,000 |
1,500 |
Forestry/conservation scientists |
88,000 |
5,500 |
90,000 |
7,000 |
88,000 |
6,000 |
99,000 |
28,000 |
66,000 |
9,500 |
75,000 |
6,500 |
44,000 |
5,500 |
Medical scientists |
103,000 |
3,000 |
112,000 |
4,500 |
110,000 |
4,000 |
119,000 |
6,500 |
68,000 |
3,000 |
79,000 |
9,500 |
50,000 |
4,000 |
Postsecondary teachers, agricultural/other natural sciences |
91,000 |
3,000 |
92,000 |
3,500 |
90,000 |
2,000 |
100,000 |
2,000 |
78,000 |
9,000 |
83,000 |
11,000 |
59,000 |
10,000 |
Postsecondary teachers, biological sciences |
82,000 |
2,000 |
83,000 |
2,000 |
80,000 |
2,000 |
95,000 |
6,500 |
80,000 |
3,000 |
83,000 |
5,500 |
70,000 |
2,500 |
Other biological/agricultural/life scientists |
96,000 |
4,000 |
104,000 |
4,000 |
100,000 |
2,000 |
110,000 |
4,500 |
64,000 |
5,000 |
80,000 |
7,000 |
49,000 |
3,000 |
Computer/information scientists |
129,000 |
2,500 |
129,000 |
1,500 |
125,000 |
2,500 |
138,000 |
6,500 |
123,000 |
4,500 |
129,000 |
3,500 |
113,000 |
5,000 |
Computer/information scientists |
132,000 |
3,500 |
135,000 |
5,000 |
129,000 |
1,500 |
140,000 |
4,000 |
129,000 |
2,000 |
135,000 |
3,000 |
118,000 |
3,500 |
Postsecondary teachers, computer science |
103,000 |
4,500 |
109,000 |
2,500 |
104,000 |
4,500 |
114,000 |
6,500 |
93,000 |
4,000 |
98,000 |
3,000 |
74,000 |
4,500 |
Mathematical scientists |
100,000 |
1,500 |
100,000 |
1,000 |
95,000 |
2,000 |
112,000 |
4,500 |
95,000 |
5,000 |
100,000 |
2,000 |
80,000 |
5,500 |
Mathematical scientists |
125,000 |
4,000 |
129,000 |
1,000 |
125,000 |
3,500 |
139,000 |
6,000 |
110,000 |
4,500 |
114,000 |
8,000 |
99,000 |
8,500 |
Postsecondary teachers, mathematics/statistics |
81,000 |
1,500 |
82,000 |
2,000 |
80,000 |
1,500 |
90,000 |
3,500 |
78,000 |
3,000 |
80,000 |
4,000 |
63,000 |
6,000 |
Physical scientists |
100,000 |
1,000 |
101,000 |
2,500 |
100,000 |
500 |
110,000 |
2,500 |
82,000 |
3,000 |
90,000 |
2,500 |
63,000 |
3,000 |
Chemists, except biochemists |
112,000 |
4,000 |
118,000 |
3,000 |
116,000 |
3,000 |
120,000 |
6,000 |
92,000 |
2,500 |
95,000 |
2,000 |
60,000 |
4,500 |
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists |
111,000 |
5,000 |
116,000 |
4,500 |
117,000 |
5,000 |
116,000 |
8,500 |
90,000 |
11,000 |
104,000 |
12,000 |
71,000 |
4,500 |
Physicists/astronomers |
119,000 |
1,000 |
126,000 |
5,000 |
125,000 |
5,000 |
131,000 |
4,500 |
81,000 |
4,500 |
100,000 |
7,500 |
55,000 |
4,000 |
Postsecondary teachers, chemistry |
75,000 |
1,000 |
75,000 |
1,500 |
75,000 |
1,500 |
80,000 |
4,500 |
65,000 |
6,000 |
63,000 |
7,000 |
69,000 |
7,500 |
Postsecondary teachers, physics |
88,000 |
3,000 |
89,000 |
3,000 |
86,000 |
3,500 |
95,000 |
8,500 |
81,000 |
8,500 |
81,000 |
9,500 |
79,000 |
17,500 |
Postsecondary teachers, other physical sciences |
85,000 |
3,500 |
89,000 |
3,500 |
88,000 |
3,500 |
89,000 |
4,500 |
76,000 |
4,500 |
80,000 |
5,000 |
55,000 |
4,500 |
Other physical scientists |
108,000 |
2,000 |
117,000 |
6,000 |
110,000 |
7,000 |
124,000 |
9,500 |
88,000 |
8,000 |
91,000 |
4,500 |
60,000 |
7,500 |
Psychologists |
90,000 |
500 |
90,000 |
500 |
90,000 |
1,000 |
86,000 |
4,000 |
78,000 |
4,000 |
80,000 |
4,000 |
62,000 |
5,500 |
Psychologists |
96,000 |
2,000 |
96,000 |
2,000 |
97,000 |
2,000 |
90,000 |
3,500 |
79,000 |
4,000 |
84,000 |
7,000 |
61,000 |
5,500 |
Postsecondary teachers, psychology |
80,000 |
1,500 |
80,000 |
1,000 |
80,000 |
500 |
77,000 |
8,000 |
74,000 |
4,000 |
75,000 |
5,500 |
57,000 |
5,500 |
Social scientists |
90,000 |
1,500 |
91,000 |
1,500 |
90,000 |
1,500 |
93,000 |
4,500 |
85,000 |
3,500 |
84,000 |
3,500 |
94,000 |
9,000 |
Economists |
140,000 |
3,500 |
140,000 |
5,000 |
145,000 |
5,500 |
125,000 |
11,500 |
139,000 |
13,500 |
120,000 |
5,000 |
154,000 |
8,000 |
Political scientists |
110,000 |
9,000 |
111,000 |
4,500 |
113,000 |
4,500 |
D |
D |
D |
D |
D |
D |
D |
D |
Postsecondary teachers, economics |
103,000 |
3,500 |
105,000 |
2,500 |
108,000 |
3,500 |
98,000 |
6,000 |
93,000 |
4,500 |
96,000 |
3,000 |
79,000 |
4,500 |
Postsecondary teachers, political science |
80,000 |
4,500 |
84,000 |
3,500 |
82,000 |
4,000 |
89,000 |
11,000 |
66,000 |
2,500 |
67,000 |
2,500 |
D |
D |
Postsecondary teachers, sociology |
75,000 |
2,000 |
76,000 |
2,500 |
75,000 |
3,000 |
76,000 |
9,000 |
62,000 |
3,500 |
64,000 |
4,000 |
D |
D |
Postsecondary teachers, other social sciences |
79,000 |
2,000 |
80,000 |
1,500 |
79,000 |
2,000 |
82,000 |
4,500 |
70,000 |
3,000 |
73,000 |
3,000 |
67,000 |
4,500 |
Sociologists/anthropologists |
94,000 |
9,000 |
95,000 |
8,000 |
95,000 |
6,500 |
62,000 |
22,500 |
58,000 |
12,500 |
54,000 |
11,500 |
D |
D |
Other social scientists |
99,000 |
3,000 |
100,000 |
1,000 |
100,000 |
1,000 |
101,000 |
16,000 |
79,000 |
3,500 |
78,000 |
4,500 |
81,000 |
23,500 |
Engineering occupations |
120,000 |
500 |
125,000 |
500 |
121,000 |
2,500 |
129,000 |
500 |
104,000 |
1,000 |
109,000 |
500 |
93,000 |
1,500 |
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers |
137,000 |
3,000 |
139,000 |
4,500 |
139,000 |
4,500 |
135,000 |
9,500 |
114,000 |
9,500 |
115,000 |
10,500 |
D |
D |
Chemical engineers |
122,000 |
3,500 |
135,000 |
6,000 |
127,000 |
6,500 |
144,000 |
6,000 |
104,000 |
6,000 |
118,000 |
1,500 |
93,000 |
3,500 |
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers |
104,000 |
2,000 |
108,000 |
4,500 |
119,000 |
4,000 |
105,000 |
3,500 |
96,000 |
8,000 |
100,000 |
4,500 |
79,000 |
3,500 |
Electrical engineers |
134,000 |
3,000 |
141,000 |
3,000 |
140,000 |
2,000 |
144,000 |
4,500 |
120,000 |
4,500 |
129,000 |
1,500 |
104,000 |
4,500 |
Industrial engineers |
99,000 |
3,000 |
100,000 |
7,000 |
110,000 |
14,500 |
97,000 |
4,000 |
98,000 |
2,500 |
97,000 |
1,500 |
116,000 |
29,500 |
Mechanical engineers |
113,000 |
3,500 |
120,000 |
3,000 |
120,000 |
2,500 |
120,000 |
7,000 |
103,000 |
3,500 |
105,000 |
2,500 |
93,000 |
4,500 |
Postsecondary teachers, engineering |
101,000 |
2,000 |
110,000 |
2,500 |
105,000 |
2,000 |
116,000 |
4,000 |
88,000 |
2,000 |
90,000 |
1,500 |
81,000 |
1,500 |
Other engineers |
121,000 |
3,000 |
129,000 |
2,000 |
125,000 |
1,500 |
135,000 |
5,500 |
104,000 |
3,000 |
112,000 |
5,500 |
94,000 |
7,000 |
S&E-related occupations |
120,000 |
2,500 |
124,000 |
2,500 |
120,000 |
1,500 |
148,000 |
8,000 |
101,000 |
5,500 |
108,000 |
7,500 |
96,000 |
7,500 |
Health occupations, except postsecondary teachers and managers |
126,000 |
4,500 |
129,000 |
4,000 |
125,000 |
5,000 |
147,000 |
14,500 |
107,000 |
10,000 |
108,000 |
9,500 |
99,000 |
16,000 |
Postsecondary teachers, health and related sciences |
98,000 |
2,500 |
100,000 |
1,500 |
98,000 |
3,000 |
104,000 |
7,500 |
89,000 |
2,000 |
90,000 |
3,000 |
85,000 |
6,000 |
S&E managers, including health |
152,000 |
4,000 |
156,000 |
4,000 |
150,000 |
4,000 |
165,000 |
6,500 |
120,000 |
8,500 |
124,000 |
6,500 |
93,000 |
9,500 |
S&E precollege teachers |
63,000 |
3,000 |
63,000 |
3,000 |
63,000 |
3,500 |
65,000 |
6,500 |
D |
D |
D |
D |
D |
D |
S&E technicians and technologists |
112,000 |
6,500 |
112,000 |
7,000 |
108,000 |
8,000 |
128,000 |
22,500 |
110,000 |
15,000 |
111,000 |
21,500 |
105,000 |
14,500 |
Other S&E-related occupations |
119,000 |
14,000 |
131,000 |
11,000 |
97,000 |
18,000 |
147,000 |
4,500 |
D |
D |
S |
S |
D |
D |
Non-S&E occupations |
126,000 |
2,500 |
129,000 |
3,000 |
120,000 |
2,500 |
149,000 |
1,000 |
110,000 |
8,000 |
112,000 |
9,000 |
108,000 |
11,000 |
Arts/humanities-related occupations |
80,000 |
4,500 |
80,000 |
4,000 |
80,000 |
4,000 |
83,000 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
5,000 |
74,000 |
6,500 |
D |
D |
Management-related occupations |
125,000 |
4,000 |
125,000 |
4,500 |
120,000 |
3,000 |
147,000 |
5,000 |
120,000 |
9,500 |
119,000 |
9,000 |
133,000 |
9,000 |
Non-S&E managers |
160,000 |
2,500 |
161,000 |
4,000 |
157,000 |
4,000 |
175,000 |
4,500 |
144,000 |
12,000 |
144,000 |
10,500 |
125,000 |
31,000 |
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers |
90,000 |
2,000 |
90,000 |
1,500 |
89,000 |
1,500 |
99,000 |
5,500 |
91,000 |
9,000 |
100,000 |
14,000 |
79,000 |
11,500 |
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers |
64,000 |
3,500 |
65,000 |
5,500 |
65,000 |
5,500 |
79,000 |
20,500 |
S |
S |
S |
S |
D |
D |
Sales/marketing occupations |
128,000 |
4,500 |
128,000 |
6,000 |
119,000 |
10,000 |
148,000 |
10,000 |
129,000 |
15,500 |
129,000 |
34,000 |
S |
S |
Social service–related occupations |
63,000 |
5,000 |
64,000 |
6,000 |
65,000 |
5,500 |
60,000 |
11,500 |
39,000 |
4,500 |
S |
S |
D |
D |
Other non-S&E occupations |
110,000 |
7,500 |
109,000 |
7,500 |
105,000 |
7,000 |
129,000 |
18,500 |
118,000 |
36,000 |
159,000 |
42,500 |
66,000 |
11,500 |