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Table 20. U.S. residing employed doctoral scientists and engineers in 4-year educational institutions, by field of doctorate, sex, and tenure status: 2017

Field of study and sex All employed Tenured Not tenured Tenure not applicable
On tenure track Not on tenure track
Number SE Number SE Number SE Number SE Number SE
All fields 319,400 2,925 142,350 2,425 48,950 975 45,700 1,075 82,350 1,300
Male 198,750 2,225 97,900 1,925 29,350 750 25,200 825 46,300 1,075
Female 120,650 1,500 44,450 1,025 19,650 550 20,500 625 36,050 725
Science 258,700 2,475 115,600 2,025 38,000 925 37,600 950 67,500 1,225
Male 159,400 1,925 79,000 1,600 22,800 700 20,750 775 36,850 975
Female 99,300 1,275 36,600 875 15,250 500 16,850 550 30,650 675
Biological, agricultural, and environmental life sciences 90,500 1,250 31,400 975 12,450 500 15,700 600 30,950 750
Male 53,600 975 22,000 800 7,650 450 8,050 475 15,900 575
Female 36,900 775 9,400 425 4,800 300 7,650 375 15,050 475
Agricultural and food sciences 6,350 325 3,100 200 900 125 850 125 1,450 150
Male 4,400 275 2,450 200 550 100 550 100 850 125
Female 1,900 150 650 100 350 75 300 75 650 75
Biochemistry and biophysics 11,100 425 3,800 300 1,650 200 2,050 200 3,600 275
Male 7,450 400 2,900 275 1,200 200 1,200 150 2,150 250
Female 3,650 250 950 125 500 100 800 150 1,450 175
Cell, cellular biology, and molecular biology 13,250 500 4,050 325 1,400 200 2,500 275 5,300 350
Male 7,900 425 2,700 275 750 150 1,350 225 3,100 325
Female 5,350 325 1,350 150 650 125 1,150 175 2,150 200
Microbiological sciences and immunology 8,750 400 2,550 250 1,250 175 1,550 175 3,450 275
Male 4,850 325 1,650 225 750 150 800 150 1,600 200
Female 3,900 250 900 125 500 100 750 100 1,800 200
Natural resources and conservation 3,250 200 1,550 175 500 75 500 75 700 75
Male 2,200 175 1,200 150 300 50 300 75 350 75
Female 1,100 100 350 50 200 50 250 75 350 75
Zoology 3,500 200 2,300 175 200 75 400 100 600 100
Male 2,500 175 1,800 175 150 75 200 75 300 75
Female 1,000 100 450 75 50 25 200 50 300 75
Other biological sciences 44,300 825 14,050 575 6,550 325 7,850 425 15,900 550
Male 24,350 675 9,300 475 3,900 300 3,600 325 7,550 400
Female 19,950 550 4,750 275 2,650 200 4,200 275 8,350 350
Computer and information sciences 8,800 425 4,700 300 1,850 200 850 125 1,400 200
Male 6,800 400 3,750 300 1,400 175 600 125 1,050 200
Female 2,000 150 900 100 450 75 300 75 350 75
Mathematics and statistics 18,800 550 11,550 475 2,450 225 2,050 250 2,750 275
Male 14,250 450 9,150 425 1,750 175 1,400 200 1,950 250
Female 4,500 250 2,400 200 700 100 650 125 750 150
Physical sciences, geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences 44,150 1,000 19,200 650 6,000 325 5,900 350 13,100 525
Male 33,600 900 15,250 600 4,300 275 4,400 300 9,600 450
Female 10,550 350 3,900 225 1,650 175 1,500 150 3,500 250
Astronomy and astrophysics 2,750 150 1,150 125 400 75 450 100 750 100
Male 2,200 150 950 100 300 75 350 75 550 100
Female 550 75 200 50 100 25 100 50 200 50
Chemistry, except biochemistry 18,600 650 7,850 425 2,300 175 2,550 250 5,900 375
Male 13,100 575 5,850 375 1,650 175 1,750 225 3,850 300
Female 5,500 275 2,000 175 650 125 750 125 2,050 200
Geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences 9,150 275 4,400 225 1,150 100 1,100 100 2,500 175
Male 6,550 250 3,400 225 750 75 700 75 1,700 150
Female 2,550 125 950 100 400 50 400 50 800 75
Physics 13,700 550 5,800 375 2,100 225 1,800 200 4,000 300
Male 11,750 475 5,100 325 1,600 175 1,550 200 3,500 275
Female 1,950 175 750 125 500 100 200 75 500 100
Psychology 37,200 775 16,250 550 5,150 300 5,600 375 10,150 525
Male 15,950 575 8,200 450 2,050 225 2,000 250 3,700 350
Female 21,200 550 8,050 375 3,100 225 3,600 250 6,450 350
Social sciences 59,300 950 32,500 775 10,100 475 7,500 400 9,200 450
Male 35,200 775 20,600 625 5,600 350 4,300 325 4,700 375
Female 24,100 575 11,900 425 4,500 300 3,200 250 4,500 275
Economics 12,750 450 7,700 375 2,500 250 1,150 150 1,400 175
Male 9,500 400 6,000 325 1,550 200 900 150 1,000 150
Female 3,250 225 1,650 175 950 150 250 75 400 75
Political science and government 12,750 475 7,100 425 2,350 250 1,550 225 1,750 225
Male 8,550 425 4,950 350 1,550 200 1,000 200 1,050 200
Female 4,200 300 2,150 250 800 175 550 125 750 125
Sociology, demography, and population studies 10,050 350 5,800 325 1,650 175 1,150 175 1,450 200
Male 4,600 275 2,900 250 700 125 500 125 500 125
Female 5,450 250 2,950 200 950 150 650 125 950 150
Other social sciences 23,750 475 11,900 375 3,650 225 3,650 250 4,600 300
Male 12,550 425 6,750 325 1,750 175 1,900 200 2,150 250
Female 11,200 350 5,150 250 1,850 175 1,750 150 2,450 200
Engineering 40,900 975 19,100 800 6,800 375 4,700 350 10,250 400
Male 33,300 900 16,400 775 5,300 325 3,700 325 7,900 350
Female 7,600 375 2,700 225 1,500 175 1,000 125 2,350 225
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering 1,700 200 900 150 150 50 200 75 400 100
Male 1,550 175 850 125 150 50 150 75 350 75
Female 150 50 D D D D D D 50 50
Chemical engineering 3,550 300 1,650 200 500 100 200 75 1,150 175
Male 2,750 275 1,450 200 350 100 200 75 800 150
Female 750 125 200 75 150 75 D D 350 100
Civil engineering 6,250 375 3,350 300 1,050 150 750 125 1,100 175
Male 5,050 350 2,850 300 800 125 550 125 800 150
Female 1,200 125 450 75 250 75 200 50 300 75
Electrical and computer engineering 9,650 450 5,100 350 1,550 200 900 175 2,100 200
Male 8,350 400 4,400 325 1,400 175 800 150 1,800 175
Female 1,300 150 700 125 150 50 150 50 300 75
Mechanical engineering 5,500 350 2,650 300 1,050 200 550 125 1,250 175
Male 4,750 325 2,300 275 900 175 500 100 1,050 175
Female 750 125 350 100 150 50 D D 250 75
Metallurgical and materials engineering 2,650 200 950 125 400 100 400 75 950 150
Male 2,050 175 850 125 250 75 300 75 650 150
Female 650 100 150 50 100 50 100 50 250 75
Other engineering 11,600 400 4,500 275 2,100 175 1,700 200 3,300 225
Male 8,800 425 3,700 275 1,450 150 1,250 175 2,400 200
Female 2,800 200 800 125 650 75 450 100 900 125
Health 19,800 525 7,650 400 4,150 250 3,400 250 4,600 325
Male 6,050 300 2,500 200 1,250 150 750 125 1,550 175
Female 13,800 450 5,200 375 2,900 225 2,650 250 3,050 275
Codes used in data tables: * = suppressed when population estimate < 25. D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. na = not applicable. S = suppressed for reliability; coefficient of variation exceeds publication standards.
SE = standard error.
NOTES: Numbers are rounded to the nearest 50. Standard errors are rounded up to the nearest 25. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Four-year educational institutions include 4-year colleges or universities, medical schools (including university-affiliated hospitals or medical centers), and university-affiliated research institutes. Residence location is based on reported living location on 1 February 2017.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Doctorate Recipients: 2017.