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Table 39. U.S. residing employed doctoral scientists and engineers, by occupation and citizenship status: 2017

Occupation All employed U.S. citizen Non-U.S. citizen
Total Native born Naturalized Total Permanent resident Temporary resident
Number SE Number SE Number SE Number SE Number SE Number SE Number SE
All occupations 815,100 1,400 699,550 1,750 539,000 2,525 160,550 2,150 115,500 1,250 79,200 1,175 36,300 850
Science occupations 460,750 2,150 392,350 2,225 314,650 2,325 77,700 1,425 68,400 1,075 46,050 900 22,350 650
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists 144,550 1,425 121,950 1,375 97,900 1,300 24,050 650 22,600 575 15,050 550 7,550 350
Agricultural/food scientists 9,950 425 8,050 400 6,350 375 1,700 175 1,900 200 1,200 175 650 125
Biochemists/biophysicists 16,550 600 12,300 575 9,000 450 3,250 325 4,250 300 2,500 225 1,800 200
Biological scientists 21,750 625 18,550 600 15,300 525 3,250 275 3,200 250 1,950 225 1,250 150
Forestry/conservation scientists 1,900 200 1,800 175 1,650 175 150 50 100 25 50 25 50 25
Medical scientists 34,500 875 29,050 800 22,050 700 7,050 450 5,450 350 3,700 325 1,750 200
Postsecondary teachers, agricultural/other natural sciences 6,300 350 5,550 325 4,750 300 800 125 750 125 600 100 150 50
Postsecondary teachers, biological sciences 32,850 1,025 30,300 975 26,900 875 3,400 275 2,500 225 2,050 225 450 100
Other biological/agricultural/life scientists 20,800 700 16,300 650 11,900 550 4,400 325 4,500 300 3,000 275 1,500 175
Computer/information scientists 54,750 1,125 40,300 1,025 23,500 700 16,750 725 14,500 500 9,950 450 4,550 325
Computer/information scientists 46,600 1,050 33,700 975 19,650 650 14,050 675 12,850 475 8,850 450 4,050 325
Postsecondary teachers, computer science 8,200 475 6,550 425 3,850 300 2,700 250 1,600 200 1,100 150 500 125
Mathematical scientists 38,350 900 29,150 775 19,900 650 9,200 500 9,200 500 5,850 425 3,350 275
Mathematical scientists 19,250 650 13,650 525 8,900 425 4,700 350 5,600 375 3,400 350 2,200 250
Postsecondary teachers, mathematics/statistics 19,100 550 15,500 500 11,000 425 4,500 350 3,600 300 2,450 225 1,150 175
Physical scientists 83,300 1,075 70,500 1,025 56,700 925 13,750 575 12,800 475 8,750 400 4,050 300
Chemists, except biochemists 20,300 650 16,350 600 12,750 525 3,550 275 4,000 350 2,650 275 1,300 175
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists 9,350 325 7,800 300 6,350 250 1,500 150 1,550 150 1,050 125 500 100
Physicists/astronomers 12,200 450 10,100 450 8,100 400 2,000 225 2,050 225 1,350 200 700 125
Postsecondary teachers, chemistry 15,550 575 13,850 575 11,550 475 2,300 250 1,700 200 1,300 175 400 100
Postsecondary teachers, physics 10,700 475 9,000 425 6,950 375 2,050 200 1,700 200 1,250 175 450 125
Postsecondary teachers, other physical sciences 7,850 300 7,100 275 6,350 250 750 125 750 125 550 100 200 75
Other physical scientists 7,300 400 6,250 375 4,700 275 1,550 225 1,100 175 600 125 450 125
Psychologists 74,150 875 72,400 900 67,200 900 5,250 325 1,750 225 1,400 225 400 100
Psychologists. 54,350 825 53,350 825 49,500 825 3,850 300 1,000 175 800 175 200 100
Postsecondary teachers, psychology 19,800 575 19,050 575 17,700 550 1,400 175 750 150 600 125 150 75
Social scientists 65,600 950 58,100 1,025 49,450 900 8,650 450 7,500 325 5,050 300 2,450 225
Economists 8,700 425 6,500 375 4,950 350 1,550 175 2,150 200 900 150 1,250 175
Political scientists 1,550 225 1,500 225 1,350 200 150 75 50 50 S S D D
Postsecondary teachers, economics 10,050 400 8,550 375 6,600 325 1,950 200 1,500 150 1,050 150 450 100
Postsecondary teachers, political science 10,250 450 9,250 475 8,150 425 1,150 200 1,000 150 850 150 D D
Postsecondary teachers, sociology 8,050 375 7,600 350 6,550 350 1,000 150 500 125 350 125 100 75
Postsecondary teachers, other social sciences 16,050 475 14,250 475 12,550 400 1,750 175 1,750 175 1,400 175 350 75
Sociologists/anthropologists 3,150 225 3,050 225 2,700 225 350 100 100 50 100 50 D D
Other social scientists 7,800 300 7,300 300 6,600 300 700 125 450 100 350 75 150 75
Engineering occupations 107,900 1,250 81,250 1,075 48,250 850 33,000 825 26,650 700 18,000 575 8,650 425
Aerospace, Aeronautical, and Astronautical Engineering 6,650 400 6,100 400 4,000 300 2,100 250 550 100 450 100 100 50
Chemical engineers 7,450 400 5,150 325 3,250 300 1,900 225 2,300 275 1,250 200 1,050 200
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers 5,350 325 3,750 275 1,750 200 2,050 225 1,600 200 950 150 650 125
Electrical engineers 22,050 675 15,100 575 8,000 425 7,150 400 6,950 400 4,650 325 2,250 225
Industrial engineersa 1,200 175 850 150 500 100 350 100 350 100 250 100 100 50
Mechanical engineers 10,900 475 7,900 400 4,100 325 3,800 350 3,000 275 2,000 225 1,000 175
Postsecondary teachers, engineering 24,450 875 19,700 775 12,350 525 7,300 500 4,750 350 3,450 300 1,300 175
Other engineers 29,900 850 22,750 750 14,300 550 8,400 425 7,150 450 4,950 375 2,200 225
S&E-related occupations 97,650 1,375 88,800 1,325 68,800 1,125 20,000 800 8,850 425 6,400 325 2,500 250
Health occupations, except postsecondary teachers and managers 33,850 850 30,450 850 23,750 775 6,700 375 3,400 300 2,600 250 800 150
Postsecondary teachers, health and related sciences 21,400 725 19,900 700 16,700 650 3,200 275 1,500 175 1,150 150 350 100
S&E managers, including health 30,350 750 28,300 750 20,950 625 7,350 450 2,100 225 1,550 175 550 125
S&E precollege teachers 5,250 350 5,150 350 4,350 325 750 125 100 50 100 50 D D
S&E technicians and technologists 5,750 400 4,050 325 2,550 275 1,500 200 1,650 200 900 175 750 150
Other S&E-related occupations 1,100 150 950 150 500 100 450 125 S S S S D D
Non-S&E occupations 148,800 1,775 137,200 1,700 107,300 1,550 29,900 1,075 11,600 550 8,800 450 2,800 300
Arts/humanities-related occupations 7,750 425 7,450 425 6,600 375 850 150 350 75 250 75 100 50
Management-related occupations 26,100 850 23,100 750 16,850 625 6,250 400 3,050 300 2,250 250 800 150
Non-S&E managers 61,150 975 57,300 950 43,950 950 13,350 725 3,900 325 3,000 300 900 175
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers 18,350 575 16,400 525 13,500 525 2,900 275 1,950 225 1,600 175 350 100
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers 5,050 300 4,700 300 4,100 250 600 125 350 100 250 100 100 50
Sales/marketing occupations 9,750 575 8,850 550 6,100 400 2,750 325 900 175 750 150 150 75
Social service–related occupations 6,400 425 6,200 400 5,350 400 850 150 200 100 200 100 D D
Other non-S&E occupations 14,150 650 13,200 600 10,850 550 2,350 225 950 200 550 125 400 150
Codes used in data tables: * = suppressed when population estimate < 25. D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. na = not applicable. S = suppressed for reliability; coefficient of variation exceeds publication standards.
S&E = science and engineering; SE = standard error.
a From 1999 to 2008, data for Industrial engineers were mislabeled as “Materials/metallurgical engineers.” For all years, data in this category have included only industrial engineers. For all years, data on Materials/metallurgical engineers have been included only in Other engineers.
NOTES: Numbers are rounded to the nearest 50. Standard errors are rounded up to the nearest 25. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Residence location is based on reported living location on 1 February 2017.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Doctorate Recipients: 2017.