Table 4-4. Labor force participation rate among non-U.S. residing doctoral scientists and engineers, by fine field of doctorate: 2017
| Field of study |
Labor force participation rate |
| Percent |
SE |
| All fields |
92.2 |
0.40 |
| Science |
91.1 |
0.45 |
| Biological, agricultural, and environmental life sciences |
90.1 |
0.95 |
| Agricultural and food sciences |
87.7 |
2.30 |
| Agricultural sciences |
70.9 |
11.90 |
| Animal sciences |
92.9 |
3.15 |
| Food sciences and technology |
88.7 |
2.95 |
| Plant sciences |
85.6 |
4.25 |
| Soil sciences |
90.9 |
6.00 |
| Biochemistry and biophysics |
93.6 |
2.30 |
| Biochemistry |
94.6 |
2.55 |
| Biophysics |
89.5 |
4.65 |
| Cell, cellular biology, and molecular biology |
93.5 |
2.95 |
| Microbiological sciences and immunology |
86.2 |
4.15 |
| Immunology |
91.4 |
7.25 |
| Microbiological sciences |
84.8 |
4.85 |
| Natural resources and conservation |
91.1 |
3.10 |
| Fish, fisheries, wildlife and wildlands science and management |
92.9 |
5.10 |
| Forestry |
83.7 |
6.45 |
| Natural resource conservation, research, management, and policy |
99.0 |
0.70 |
| Zoology |
83.2 |
5.75 |
| Other biological sciences |
91.2 |
1.40 |
| Biomathematics, bioinformatics, and computational biology |
99.7 |
0.35 |
| Botany and plant biology |
79.2 |
4.80 |
| Epidemiology, ecology, and population biology |
91.6 |
2.95 |
| Genetics |
97.0 |
1.75 |
| Neurobiology and neuroscience |
97.3 |
1.95 |
| Nutrition sciences |
86.2 |
8.55 |
| Pharmacology and toxicology |
91.1 |
4.60 |
| Physiology, pathology, and related sciences |
94.4 |
2.05 |
| Biological and biomedical sciences, general |
90.1 |
4.10 |
| Biological and biomedical sciences, other |
93.4 |
4.20 |
| Computer and information sciences |
97.3 |
1.15 |
| Computer science |
96.9 |
1.30 |
| Information science, studies |
99.4 |
0.60 |
| Computer and information sciences, other |
99.4 |
0.60 |
| Mathematics and statistics |
91.7 |
1.65 |
| Applied mathematics |
91.5 |
4.85 |
| Mathematics |
91.9 |
1.95 |
| Statistics |
94.1 |
3.95 |
| Mathematics and statistics, other |
88.2 |
4.95 |
| Physical sciences, geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences |
92.1 |
0.80 |
| Astronomy and astrophysics |
97.0 |
1.85 |
| Chemistry, except biochemistry |
91.3 |
1.55 |
| Inorganic chemistry |
98.9 |
0.70 |
| Organic chemistry |
87.8 |
3.60 |
| Chemistry, other, except biochemistry |
91.1 |
2.05 |
| Geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences |
90.4 |
1.90 |
| Atmospheric sciences and meteorology |
91.9 |
4.15 |
| Geological and earth sciences, geosciences |
87.9 |
2.65 |
| Ocean sciences and marine sciences |
96.4 |
2.15 |
| Oceanography, chemical and physical |
96.6 |
2.75 |
| Physics |
93.4 |
1.30 |
| Psychology |
88.3 |
1.95 |
| Clinical psychology |
96.2 |
2.85 |
| Counseling and applied psychology |
96.5 |
3.30 |
| Educational and school psychology |
80.3 |
5.95 |
| Industrial and organizational psychology |
D |
D |
| Research and experimental psychology |
86.0 |
2.95 |
| Psychology, general |
91.1 |
5.75 |
| Psychology, other |
92.8 |
5.05 |
| Social sciences |
90.8 |
0.90 |
| Economics |
93.6 |
1.20 |
| Political science and government |
92.4 |
2.30 |
| Political science and government |
94.1 |
2.35 |
| Public policy analysis |
82.6 |
8.10 |
| Sociology, demography, and population studies |
85.5 |
3.00 |
| Other social sciences |
88.1 |
1.70 |
| Anthropology |
83.1 |
4.40 |
| Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies |
96.8 |
1.75 |
| Geography and cartography |
86.1 |
6.85 |
| International relations and national security studies |
88.5 |
4.55 |
| Linguistics |
92.5 |
2.75 |
| Urban studies, affairs |
89.8 |
6.00 |
| Social sciences, other |
87.0 |
3.65 |
| Engineering |
95.2 |
0.70 |
| Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering |
97.9 |
1.60 |
| Chemical engineering |
93.6 |
2.35 |
| Civil engineering |
97.6 |
1.05 |
| Electrical and computer engineering |
96.8 |
1.20 |
| Computer engineering |
99.2 |
0.60 |
| Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering |
96.3 |
1.45 |
| Mechanical engineering |
95.1 |
2.10 |
| Metallurgical and materials engineering |
91.6 |
3.40 |
| Other engineering |
93.3 |
1.10 |
| Agricultural engineering |
92.5 |
4.10 |
| Bioengineering and biomedical engineering |
D |
D |
| Engineering mechanics, physics, and science |
83.4 |
6.10 |
| Industrial and manufacturing engineering |
95.1 |
1.85 |
| Nuclear engineering |
91.9 |
3.80 |
| Engineering, other |
93.0 |
1.80 |
| Health |
92.3 |
1.85 |
| Communication disorders sciences and services |
64.9 |
21.80 |
| Hospital and medical administration services |
96.9 |
3.30 |
| Pharmacy, pharmaceutical sciences, and administration |
90.0 |
4.75 |
| Public health |
96.4 |
2.80 |
| Registered nursing, nursing administration, nursing research |
93.0 |
5.25 |
| Health sciences, other |
92.4 |
2.90 |
