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Table 65. Median annual salaries of U.S. residing full-time employed doctoral scientists and engineers, by occupation, ethnicity, race, and sex: 2017

(Thousands of dollars)

Occupation All full-time employed Hispanic or Latinoa Not Hispanic or Latinob
American Indian or Alaska Native Asian Black or African American White Other racec
Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female
Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE
All occupations 110,000 500 120,000 500 95,000 500 100,000 1,500 109,000 1,500 85,000 2,000 92,000 5,500 97,000 7,500 86,000 7,000 118,000 2,000 120,000 2,500 100,000 1,000 95,000 1,500 102,000 3,000 88,000 2,000 110,000 500 120,000 500 94,000 1,500 100,000 2,000 107,000 4,500 91,000 3,500
Science occupations 100,000 500 107,000 1,000 90,000 500 91,000 2,000 100,000 1,500 80,000 2,000 80,000 8,000 82,000 20,000 79,000 6,000 104,000 2,000 110,000 500 97,000 3,000 88,000 2,000 94,000 3,500 83,000 2,500 100,000 500 108,000 1,500 89,000 1,000 90,000 2,500 95,000 4,000 88,000 2,500
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists 94,000 1,500 100,000 500 85,000 1,000 86,000 2,000 95,000 4,500 75,000 4,500 98,000 12,000 97,000 10,000 73,000 24,500 90,000 1,500 92,000 3,000 90,000 4,000 90,000 3,500 98,000 4,000 84,000 3,500 95,000 1,500 102,000 2,000 85,000 1,500 83,000 5,500 82,000 6,000 85,000 9,500
Agricultural/food scientists 104,000 2,500 106,000 3,000 100,000 2,500 95,000 5,000 98,000 6,500 92,000 6,000 D D D D D D 96,000 5,500 96,000 6,000 96,000 12,000 101,000 5,000 99,000 6,500 123,000 33,000 109,000 3,000 114,000 4,000 100,000 3,500 121,000 49,500 S S D D
Biochemists/biophysicists 88,000 4,000 93,000 5,000 81,000 5,000 104,000 11,500 118,000 15,000 67,000 21,500 D D D D D D 75,000 7,000 75,000 7,500 74,000 12,000 76,000 10,500 68,000 24,500 79,000 8,000 93,000 4,000 99,000 5,000 85,000 5,000 80,000 23,500 S S 132,000 64,000
Biological scientists 80,000 2,500 84,000 4,000 76,000 2,000 60,000 8,500 64,000 14,000 57,000 5,500 D D D D D D 75,000 8,500 70,000 9,000 85,000 13,000 95,000 10,000 99,000 15,500 89,000 9,500 83,000 3,000 89,000 4,500 75,000 2,000 74,000 10,500 71,000 17,000 78,000 18,000
Forestry/conservation scientists 87,000 4,500 97,000 4,000 79,000 6,500 82,000 7,500 87,000 25,000 61,000 11,000 D D D D D D 81,000 5,000 66,000 10,500 83,000 2,500 D D D D D D 90,000 7,000 97,000 4,000 76,000 9,500 S S S S * *
Medical scientists 105,000 2,500 113,000 4,000 95,000 1,500 98,000 9,000 102,000 12,000 90,000 10,000 D D D D D D 93,000 4,500 99,000 2,500 88,000 6,000 98,000 3,000 99,000 3,500 95,000 2,500 110,000 2,500 119,000 3,000 100,000 3,000 68,000 17,500 62,000 25,000 66,000 27,000
Postsecondary teachers, agricultural/other natural sciences 95,000 3,000 99,000 2,500 89,000 2,500 80,000 7,000 76,000 8,500 84,000 3,000 D D D D D D 81,000 5,500 81,000 4,500 94,000 22,500 83,000 10,500 95,000 20,000 75,000 17,500 99,000 3,000 102,000 3,000 89,000 2,000 101,000 17,500 D D D D
Postsecondary teachers, biological sciences 86,000 1,500 91,000 2,000 78,000 2,500 79,000 3,000 90,000 5,000 71,000 3,500 102,000 14,000 * * D D 99,000 3,000 99,000 5,000 98,000 5,000 76,000 8,000 87,000 9,500 65,000 7,500 85,000 1,500 90,000 2,500 75,000 1,500 79,000 6,500 78,000 9,500 80,000 7,500
Other biological/agricultural/life scientists 100,000 500 108,000 4,500 93,000 3,500 100,000 3,500 105,000 5,000 79,000 7,000 D D D D D D 100,000 5,000 99,000 1,500 95,000 10,500 73,000 8,000 97,000 21,500 68,000 8,500 102,000 3,000 110,000 5,000 94,000 4,000 98,000 8,500 104,000 18,000 94,000 10,000
Computer/information scientists 130,000 2,000 134,000 1,500 120,000 3,000 123,000 9,500 123,000 11,000 120,000 22,500 D D D D D D 135,000 2,000 135,000 5,500 128,000 3,000 113,000 6,000 119,000 14,000 99,000 12,000 130,000 500 131,000 3,000 105,000 6,000 135,000 11,500 141,000 21,000 134,000 44,500
Computer/information scientists 136,000 3,500 140,000 1,000 125,000 2,500 131,000 11,500 135,000 13,500 119,000 26,500 D D D D D D 139,000 1,500 140,000 3,500 130,000 6,000 129,000 12,000 150,000 21,500 106,000 4,000 134,000 2,000 137,000 3,500 114,000 10,000 135,000 13,000 141,000 20,000 134,000 22,500
Postsecondary teachers, computer science 102,000 3,000 105,000 4,000 90,000 2,500 77,000 6,500 76,000 3,500 D D D D D D D D 100,000 4,000 104,000 4,000 88,000 3,500 85,000 8,000 88,000 10,000 72,000 19,500 105,000 4,500 110,000 6,000 92,000 3,000 D D S S D D
Mathematical scientists 105,000 2,000 107,000 2,000 100,000 1,500 99,000 7,000 102,000 8,000 72,000 3,000 D D D D D D 111,000 5,500 110,000 6,000 111,000 8,000 96,000 8,000 106,000 13,000 85,000 6,000 100,000 1,500 104,000 3,000 91,000 3,000 100,000 4,500 99,000 4,500 98,000 27,500
Mathematical scientists 129,000 4,000 132,000 4,000 120,000 1,500 125,000 9,500 128,000 11,500 106,000 26,000 D D D D D D 125,000 5,000 129,000 6,500 123,000 4,500 138,000 18,000 154,000 18,000 94,000 8,500 130,000 2,500 135,000 4,000 114,000 5,500 110,000 16,500 98,000 27,500 115,000 13,000
Postsecondary teachers, mathematics/statistics 83,000 2,000 87,000 4,000 76,000 2,000 77,000 6,000 81,000 8,500 71,000 2,500 D D D D D D 82,000 6,500 89,000 3,500 76,000 2,500 79,000 5,500 78,000 8,500 79,000 9,500 84,000 2,500 85,000 5,000 78,000 4,000 85,000 17,000 98,000 15,500 70,000 2,500
Physical scientists 100,000 500 105,000 1,500 89,000 2,000 95,000 4,500 99,000 2,000 80,000 4,500 95,000 32,500 S S D D 95,000 4,000 99,000 2,500 89,000 2,000 84,000 5,000 85,000 5,000 80,000 9,500 103,000 2,000 108,000 2,000 89,000 2,000 99,000 6,000 100,000 4,500 90,000 7,000
Chemists, except biochemists 115,000 1,500 119,000 2,000 100,000 2,500 116,000 4,000 118,000 7,500 100,000 12,000 S S D D D D 103,000 4,000 106,000 5,000 99,000 5,000 93,000 9,000 99,000 8,000 88,000 14,500 120,000 2,000 124,000 2,500 104,000 4,500 109,000 5,500 106,000 4,500 107,000 24,500
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists 106,000 4,500 115,000 4,000 90,000 3,500 104,000 10,000 115,000 16,000 79,000 8,000 D D D D D D 95,000 7,000 98,000 4,500 88,000 3,000 81,000 4,500 81,000 4,500 * * 115,000 4,000 120,000 4,500 97,000 3,500 91,000 14,500 89,000 19,000 85,000 22,500
Physicists/astronomers 122,000 4,000 123,000 4,500 112,000 14,000 99,000 13,000 100,000 16,000 D D D D D D D D 97,000 10,000 97,000 10,000 88,000 34,000 109,000 15,000 114,000 27,000 D D 130,000 2,000 129,000 3,500 124,000 5,500 92,000 9,500 92,000 21,000 85,000 13,000
Postsecondary teachers, chemistry 75,000 2,000 79,000 2,000 70,000 1,500 75,000 2,500 75,000 7,000 70,000 5,000 D D D D D D 73,000 4,500 76,000 6,500 67,000 8,000 68,000 6,000 71,000 7,500 63,000 5,500 75,000 2,500 80,000 2,000 69,000 1,500 79,000 9,500 D D D D
Postsecondary teachers, physics 92,000 3,000 92,000 3,000 84,000 7,000 76,000 5,000 79,000 5,500 D D D D D D D D 99,000 4,500 100,000 15,000 76,000 18,000 80,000 13,500 76,000 14,000 D D 92,000 3,000 92,000 3,000 85,000 6,500 87,000 17,500 D D * *
Postsecondary teachers, other physical sciences 88,000 3,000 90,000 2,500 79,000 2,000 85,000 5,000 85,000 7,000 81,000 9,500 D D D D D D 77,000 5,500 78,000 7,000 73,000 3,500 78,000 4,500 79,000 9,000 76,000 4,500 90,000 1,500 94,000 4,000 80,000 3,000 88,000 28,500 113,000 23,000 D D
Other physical scientists 116,000 5,000 119,000 6,000 113,000 4,000 129,000 23,000 130,000 8,000 76,000 18,000 D D D D D D 114,000 6,500 112,000 9,500 113,000 7,000 133,000 18,500 D D S S 120,000 7,000 120,000 7,500 115,000 13,000 108,000 4,500 107,000 3,500 D D
Psychologists 93,000 2,000 100,000 1,000 89,000 1,000 88,000 4,000 90,000 5,500 85,000 5,000 74,000 17,000 S S 81,000 8,000 80,000 2,000 78,000 4,000 80,000 4,500 80,000 2,000 82,000 7,500 79,000 2,500 97,000 2,000 104,000 5,000 90,000 500 91,000 5,000 98,000 12,000 89,000 2,000
Psychologists. 100,000 500 108,000 2,500 94,000 2,000 93,000 5,000 97,000 10,500 91,000 6,000 55,000 27,000 D D D D 90,000 2,500 87,000 16,500 90,000 3,500 82,000 4,000 88,000 9,000 81,000 3,000 100,000 500 109,000 1,500 96,000 1,500 92,000 8,500 97,000 14,500 90,000 4,000
Postsecondary teachers, psychology 83,000 2,000 90,000 2,000 79,000 1,500 80,000 4,500 81,000 6,000 75,000 8,000 D D D D D D 75,000 2,000 70,000 6,500 76,000 1,500 75,000 4,500 73,000 9,000 75,000 4,000 85,000 2,000 91,000 2,000 79,000 1,000 89,000 7,000 95,000 10,000 80,000 5,000
Social scientists 92,000 1,500 100,000 1,500 86,000 2,000 90,000 3,500 98,000 6,000 81,000 3,000 71,000 11,500 D D 72,000 8,000 93,000 3,000 93,000 5,000 93,000 2,500 89,000 3,000 90,000 3,500 85,000 5,000 92,000 2,000 100,000 2,000 85,000 1,000 84,000 2,000 84,000 3,000 82,000 8,000
Economists 137,000 3,500 140,000 5,500 125,000 5,000 136,000 4,500 135,000 6,000 137,000 18,500 D D D D D D 132,000 12,500 144,000 3,500 119,000 8,000 126,000 27,000 136,000 15,000 S S 136,000 4,500 140,000 7,500 127,000 3,000 D D S S D D
Political scientists 121,000 6,000 123,000 15,000 103,000 13,000 95,000 9,000 D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D 123,000 8,500 129,000 16,000 115,000 14,000 D D D D D D
Postsecondary teachers, economics 105,000 3,500 109,000 4,000 97,000 4,500 118,000 22,000 135,000 30,500 99,000 10,500 D D D D D D 94,000 5,000 97,000 5,500 89,000 7,000 90,000 2,500 90,000 2,500 S S 110,000 4,500 115,000 6,000 99,000 5,500 99,000 22,500 D D S S
Postsecondary teachers, political science 85,000 3,500 85,000 3,000 76,000 7,500 76,000 13,000 80,000 16,000 68,000 15,500 D D D D D D 70,000 5,500 64,000 6,500 D D 88,000 8,500 82,000 9,500 82,000 14,000 85,000 2,000 88,000 3,000 75,000 5,500 D D S S D D
Postsecondary teachers, sociology 78,000 2,000 82,000 4,000 74,000 2,000 79,000 3,000 76,000 6,500 79,000 4,500 D D D D D D 81,000 7,500 96,000 24,000 70,000 11,500 82,000 9,000 89,000 12,500 69,000 7,500 77,000 2,000 82,000 6,000 74,000 2,000 70,000 11,500 D D S S
Postsecondary teachers, other social sciences 78,000 2,000 78,000 3,500 79,000 2,000 73,000 5,500 71,000 7,500 74,000 6,000 63,000 7,000 D D 69,000 11,000 74,000 3,000 74,000 4,500 72,000 3,000 80,000 5,000 86,000 9,000 78,000 4,000 79,000 2,000 78,000 4,500 80,000 2,000 84,000 1,000 84,000 5,500 84,000 8,500
Sociologists/anthropologists 102,000 5,500 113,000 4,000 95,000 7,500 86,000 16,500 110,000 17,000 66,000 16,000 D D D D D D 82,000 21,500 S S D D 82,000 13,500 S S 78,000 19,500 102,000 8,000 114,000 2,000 96,000 7,500 D D D D D D
Other social scientists 100,000 3,000 108,000 5,500 99,000 3,500 92,000 25,000 103,000 44,500 90,000 20,500 D D D D D D 97,000 4,000 S S 96,000 5,000 105,000 13,500 102,000 37,500 102,000 14,500 103,000 4,500 108,000 4,500 100,000 2,500 73,000 2,500 S S 73,000 2,500
Engineering occupations 125,000 1,500 127,000 2,000 110,000 1,500 110,000 4,500 114,000 6,000 104,000 4,000 135,000 13,500 140,000 9,000 D D 120,000 500 125,000 2,500 111,000 2,000 109,000 4,500 108,000 4,500 106,000 9,000 129,000 2,000 130,000 1,500 108,000 2,500 129,000 5,500 133,000 10,500 114,000 11,000
Aerospace, Aeronautical, and Astronautical Engineering 144,000 5,500 145,000 4,500 129,000 10,500 126,000 12,500 130,000 16,000 S S D D D D D D 137,000 13,500 138,000 14,000 129,000 16,000 120,000 28,500 123,000 39,000 D D 146,000 3,500 147,000 3,000 139,000 12,000 S S * * D D
Chemical engineers 129,000 2,000 135,000 4,000 117,000 4,000 105,000 3,000 106,000 7,000 D D D D D D D D 125,000 5,000 127,000 6,000 118,000 4,500 107,000 10,000 D D D D 139,000 6,000 149,000 9,500 116,000 12,000 D D D D D D
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers 105,000 4,500 107,000 4,500 89,000 5,500 90,000 10,500 86,000 15,500 96,000 13,000 D D D D D D 95,000 6,500 96,000 10,000 81,000 14,000 87,000 12,500 87,000 13,000 D D 115,000 7,500 116,000 2,500 90,000 2,500 * * * * D D
Electrical engineers 140,000 2,000 141,000 2,500 122,000 7,000 141,000 6,000 145,000 7,000 D D D D D D D D 132,000 3,500 135,000 5,000 122,000 8,500 125,000 8,500 125,000 8,000 D D 146,000 4,000 149,000 3,500 126,000 6,000 120,000 15,000 120,000 15,500 D D
Industrial engineersd 128,000 4,500 137,000 10,000 119,000 10,500 116,000 16,500 D D * * D D D D D D 126,000 11,000 129,000 10,500 114,000 12,500 D D D D D D 140,000 11,000 140,000 10,000 113,000 25,000 D D D D D D
Mechanical engineers 119,000 1,000 120,000 1,000 104,000 5,500 99,000 4,500 99,000 9,000 D D D D D D D D 120,000 1,000 120,000 500 103,000 9,000 103,000 7,000 103,000 6,500 D D 118,000 4,000 120,000 7,000 103,000 7,500 S S S S D D
Postsecondary teachers, engineering 105,000 2,000 106,000 2,500 100,000 2,500 94,000 3,500 93,000 3,500 98,000 13,000 D D D D D D 102,000 3,500 102,000 3,500 102,000 7,000 103,000 4,000 102,000 4,000 103,000 12,000 108,000 2,500 110,000 1,500 100,000 1,500 125,000 13,500 124,000 21,500 115,000 13,500
Other engineers 125,000 2,000 130,000 1,500 107,000 4,000 120,000 4,000 123,000 6,500 105,000 6,000 D D * * D D 120,000 500 124,000 3,500 105,000 6,000 128,000 7,500 129,000 6,000 109,000 12,000 132,000 3,000 135,000 2,500 110,000 4,500 125,000 7,500 129,000 14,500 120,000 8,500
S&E-related occupations 121,000 3,000 144,000 3,500 100,000 500 117,000 6,000 143,000 15,500 94,000 5,500 95,000 6,500 96,000 9,500 90,000 11,000 130,000 2,500 145,000 5,000 103,000 4,500 100,000 4,000 133,000 10,000 90,000 5,500 120,000 3,000 145,000 4,000 100,000 2,000 118,000 11,000 129,000 7,500 97,000 16,500
Health occupations, except postsecondary teachers and managers 121,000 4,000 165,000 13,000 101,000 4,000 138,000 20,000 255,000 28,500 95,000 6,500 S S D D D D 121,000 10,500 167,000 15,000 102,000 4,500 104,000 12,500 198,000 37,500 95,000 7,000 122,000 4,500 160,000 16,000 105,000 4,000 98,000 34,000 94,000 31,500 86,000 42,000
Postsecondary teachers, health and related sciences 100,000 2,500 115,000 6,000 91,000 2,000 97,000 9,000 105,000 8,000 85,000 8,000 95,000 8,000 D D D D 100,000 3,500 106,000 7,500 93,000 4,500 92,000 5,000 105,000 15,500 87,000 4,500 99,000 3,000 119,000 4,000 90,000 2,000 102,000 12,000 S S 98,000 13,500
S&E managers, including health 155,000 4,000 160,000 3,500 138,000 6,500 143,000 10,000 153,000 17,500 122,000 14,500 S S * * D D 155,000 8,500 166,000 9,500 127,000 9,500 135,000 14,000 138,000 4,000 104,000 14,000 159,000 2,500 160,000 4,000 142,000 6,000 134,000 10,000 147,000 20,000 126,000 3,000
S&E precollege teachers 63,000 2,500 65,000 3,000 60,000 4,000 79,000 4,500 77,000 6,000 76,000 4,000 D D D D D D 48,000 3,000 47,000 2,500 53,000 12,500 55,000 1,500 57,000 27,500 55,000 1,500 63,000 2,500 66,000 3,500 58,000 4,000 58,000 12,000 * * D D
S&E technicians and technologists 109,000 5,500 115,000 9,000 85,000 5,500 171,000 15,500 172,000 14,500 D D D D D D D D 110,000 7,000 119,000 13,500 86,000 6,500 193,000 78,500 D D D D 94,000 14,500 105,000 15,000 S S S S S S D D
Other S&E-related occupations 130,000 14,000 129,000 21,000 133,000 21,000 D D D D D D D D D D D D 120,000 23,500 91,000 35,500 152,000 30,000 S S D D D D 147,000 6,000 147,000 12,500 D D D D D D D D
Non-S&E occupations 130,000 1,500 150,000 500 107,000 3,000 113,000 6,500 136,000 10,500 89,000 3,500 85,000 4,500 86,000 9,000 70,000 7,000 142,000 5,000 150,000 4,500 120,000 2,500 104,000 4,500 115,000 6,500 97,000 3,500 132,000 3,000 150,000 3,000 106,000 3,500 110,000 11,000 126,000 13,000 100,000 8,000
Arts/humanities-related occupations 85,000 3,000 87,000 5,000 85,000 2,000 64,000 9,000 D D 72,000 15,500 D D D D D D 92,000 8,500 95,000 10,500 89,000 7,500 70,000 32,000 D D 63,000 25,000 85,000 4,000 88,000 5,500 84,000 2,000 55,000 17,000 D D D D
Management-related occupations 129,000 4,500 149,000 2,000 109,000 3,000 124,000 10,500 145,000 13,000 101,000 5,000 D D D D D D 127,000 7,500 149,000 3,500 115,000 6,500 99,000 7,000 115,000 12,500 94,000 4,000 133,000 4,500 150,000 3,500 105,000 5,500 95,000 20,000 S S 86,000 7,000
Non-S&E managers 168,000 4,000 181,000 3,500 140,000 3,000 136,000 8,500 150,000 15,500 115,000 9,000 115,000 15,000 D D 113,000 25,500 179,000 6,500 185,000 9,000 148,000 6,500 139,000 7,000 153,000 8,500 129,000 5,500 170,000 2,500 184,000 2,500 140,000 3,500 131,000 10,000 136,000 9,500 119,000 10,000
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers 94,000 2,000 100,000 3,500 84,000 2,500 79,000 4,000 86,000 5,000 70,000 8,000 D D D D D D 94,000 7,500 98,000 2,000 81,000 6,500 79,000 7,500 82,000 13,500 76,000 7,000 95,000 1,500 106,000 7,500 88,000 3,500 105,000 21,500 118,000 14,000 78,000 3,500
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers 74,000 3,000 78,000 8,000 68,000 5,000 71,000 14,000 D D 77,000 16,000 D D D D D D 70,000 28,500 88,000 17,000 19,000 3,500 82,000 4,000 S S 81,000 7,500 73,000 6,000 77,000 5,000 68,000 6,500 D D D D D D
Sales/marketing occupations 120,000 2,500 117,000 4,000 123,000 5,500 129,000 13,000 173,000 45,000 116,000 12,500 D D D D D D 139,000 18,000 125,000 12,500 145,000 5,500 155,000 32,000 S S 187,000 25,500 115,000 5,000 113,000 4,500 120,000 12,500 60,000 12,000 S S D D
Social service–related occupations 64,000 1,000 64,000 6,500 65,000 3,500 64,000 8,000 70,000 15,500 62,000 8,000 D D D D * * 49,000 9,000 47,000 11,500 52,000 13,500 60,000 6,000 51,000 11,500 64,000 6,000 65,000 4,500 64,000 3,500 68,000 10,000 93,000 18,000 D D D D
Other non-S&E occupations 121,000 7,000 135,000 10,000 106,000 12,000 107,000 15,000 153,000 48,000 62,000 17,000 D D S S D D 149,000 10,000 156,000 11,500 136,000 11,500 75,000 19,000 101,000 15,000 70,000 9,000 120,000 8,000 129,000 12,000 113,000 11,000 100,000 39,000 140,000 16,500 D D
Codes used in data tables: * = suppressed when population estimate < 25. D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. na = not applicable. S = suppressed for reliability; coefficient of variation exceeds publication standards.
S&E = science and engineering; SE = standard error.
a Hispanic or Latino may be of any race
b American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, black or African American, and white are single race.
c Other race includes Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander and persons reporting more than one race who are not of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.
d From 1999 to 2008, data for Industrial engineers were mislabeled as “Materials/metallurgical engineers.” For all years, data in this category have included only industrial engineers. For all years, data on Materials/metallurgical engineers have been included only in Other engineers.
NOTES: Median annual salaries are for principal job and are rounded to nearest $1,000. Standard errors are rounded up to the nearest $500. Residence location is based on reported living location on 1 February 2017.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Doctorate Recipients: 2017.