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Table 66. Median annual salaries of U.S. residing full-time employed doctoral scientists and engineers, by occupation and citizenship status: 2017

(Dollars)

Occupation
All full-time employed
U.S. citizen
Non-U.S. citizen
Total
Native born
Naturalized
Total
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Median salary
SE
Median salary
SE
Median salary
SE
Median salary
SE
Median salary
SE
Median salary
SE
Median salary
SE
All occupations 110,000 500 112,000 500 108,000 500 129,000 2,000 100,000 500 101,000 3,000 90,000 1,500
Science occupations 100,000 500 100,000 500 100,000 1,000 116,000 2,500 91,000 2,000 97,000 2,000 80,000 2,000
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists 94,000 1,500 98,000 2,000 94,000 1,500 109,000 2,000 70,000 3,000 82,000 2,000 52,000 1,000
Agricultural/food scientists 104,000 2,500 110,000 2,500 109,000 2,500 115,000 6,000 80,000 4,500 87,000 9,000 54,000 13,000
Biochemists/biophysicists 88,000 4,000 100,000 4,000 92,000 4,000 119,000 7,000 53,000 1,500 67,000 7,000 49,000 500
Biological scientists 80,000 2,500 85,000 3,000 81,000 3,000 95,000 4,000 60,000 4,500 81,000 7,500 50,000 1,500
Forestry/conservation scientists 87,000 4,500 89,000 6,000 89,000 6,500 87,000 7,000 69,000 7,000 70,000 8,000 48,000 7,000
Medical scientists 105,000 2,500 109,000 1,500 109,000 2,000 111,000 8,000 70,000 5,000 84,000 7,500 51,000 2,000
Postsecondary teachers, agricultural/other natural sciences 95,000 3,000 97,000 3,000 97,000 3,500 98,000 4,000 81,000 3,500 83,000 7,500 75,000 8,500
Postsecondary teachers, biological sciences 86,000 1,500 86,000 2,000 85,000 1,000 100,000 2,000 85,000 2,500 85,000 3,500 81,000 10,000
Other biological/agricultural/life scientists 100,000 500 104,000 3,500 100,000 2,000 120,000 2,500 69,000 4,000 76,000 7,000 57,000 5,000
Computer/information scientists 130,000 2,000 130,000 2,500 130,000 500 134,000 3,500 130,000 3,500 136,000 4,000 125,000 5,000
Computer/information scientists 136,000 3,500 135,000 2,500 134,000 3,000 140,000 4,000 139,000 2,500 144,000 5,000 129,000 2,500
Postsecondary teachers, computer science 102,000 3,000 110,000 4,000 105,000 5,000 115,000 6,000 89,000 1,500 89,000 2,000 85,000 7,000
Mathematical scientists 105,000 2,000 106,000 2,000 100,000 1,000 120,000 2,500 100,000 4,500 100,000 8,000 100,000 4,500
Mathematical scientists 129,000 4,000 132,000 3,500 127,000 5,000 138,000 5,500 119,000 3,000 125,000 7,000 109,000 4,000
Postsecondary teachers, mathematics/statistics 83,000 2,000 84,000 2,000 82,000 2,500 95,000 7,000 78,000 4,000 80,000 3,500 74,000 5,000
Physical scientists 100,000 500 105,000 1,500 102,000 2,500 112,000 5,000 81,000 2,500 90,000 4,500 64,000 5,000
Chemists, except biochemists 115,000 1,500 122,000 3,000 120,000 3,000 125,000 5,500 89,000 5,000 95,000 2,500 66,000 9,000
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists 106,000 4,500 112,000 5,000 114,000 5,000 110,000 7,500 86,000 5,500 90,000 2,500 70,000 3,000
Physicists/astronomers 122,000 4,000 129,000 2,000 130,000 2,000 123,000 7,500 78,000 9,500 100,000 7,500 57,000 7,500
Postsecondary teachers, chemistry 75,000 2,000 77,000 2,500 76,000 2,500 77,000 6,000 65,000 4,500 70,000 5,000 52,000 2,500
Postsecondary teachers, physics 92,000 3,000 92,000 2,500 89,000 3,000 110,000 11,000 82,000 9,000 89,000 6,000 76,000 2,000
Postsecondary teachers, other physical sciences 88,000 3,000 90,000 1,500 90,000 2,000 90,000 8,000 76,000 3,000 76,000 3,000 67,000 8,500
Other physical scientists 116,000 5,000 122,000 4,000 122,000 5,000 125,000 5,500 93,000 13,000 112,000 6,500 67,000 15,500
Psychologists 93,000 2,000 94,000 1,500 95,000 1,500 90,000 4,500 75,000 8,500 77,000 9,000 68,000 9,000
Psychologists. 100,000 500 100,000 500 100,000 500 99,000 6,500 78,000 2,500 80,000 9,000 73,000 13,500
Postsecondary teachers, psychology 83,000 2,000 84,000 1,500 84,000 1,500 80,000 4,000 61,000 10,000 60,000 16,500 64,000 7,500
Social scientists 92,000 1,500 92,000 1,500 92,000 2,000 95,000 2,500 90,000 2,500 82,000 3,500 110,000 9,000
Economists 137,000 3,500 138,000 4,500 137,000 4,500 140,000 13,000 135,000 7,500 131,000 9,000 134,000 10,000
Political scientists 121,000 6,000 122,000 4,500 123,000 6,500 D D D D S S D D
Postsecondary teachers, economics 105,000 3,500 109,000 3,000 110,000 4,000 104,000 6,500 95,000 2,500 95,000 3,500 91,000 11,500
Postsecondary teachers, political science 85,000 3,500 86,000 2,000 86,000 2,500 79,000 8,500 66,000 6,500 67,000 6,500 D D
Postsecondary teachers, sociology 78,000 2,000 79,000 2,000 78,000 2,500 80,000 3,000 69,000 3,000 69,000 5,500 D D
Postsecondary teachers, other social sciences 78,000 2,000 80,000 1,000 80,000 2,000 89,000 5,000 69,000 1,500 70,000 2,500 64,000 3,000
Sociologists/anthropologists 102,000 5,500 101,000 5,500 101,000 5,500 105,000 13,500 78,000 35,500 D D D D
Other social scientists 100,000 3,000 100,000 3,500 100,000 3,500 99,000 9,000 95,000 10,500 103,000 15,500 52,000 25,000
Engineering occupations 125,000 1,500 130,000 500 128,000 1,500 135,000 3,000 108,000 2,000 114,000 2,000 98,000 3,000
Aerospace, Aeronautical, and Astronautical Engineering 144,000 5,500 146,000 4,000 146,000 4,500 144,000 9,500 115,000 4,500 117,000 5,000 D D
Chemical engineers 129,000 2,000 139,000 4,500 135,000 5,000 140,000 2,500 114,000 5,500 121,000 7,000 106,000 6,500
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers 105,000 4,500 114,000 5,500 114,000 3,500 112,000 11,000 88,000 3,000 92,000 6,000 70,000 11,000
Electrical engineers 140,000 2,000 148,000 2,500 146,000 3,500 149,000 1,500 124,000 3,000 130,000 500 114,000 4,500
Industrial engineersa 128,000 4,500 135,000 10,500 140,000 7,000 127,000 9,500 100,000 14,000 100,000 32,000 83,000 14,500
Mechanical engineers 119,000 1,000 124,000 4,000 119,000 5,000 129,000 4,500 108,000 5,000 115,000 5,000 97,000 1,500
Postsecondary teachers, engineering 105,000 2,000 110,000 2,500 106,000 2,500 120,000 2,000 91,000 2,500 96,000 4,000 84,000 3,500
Other engineers 125,000 2,000 132,000 3,500 130,000 1,500 141,000 3,000 104,000 3,000 110,000 2,500 90,000 3,500
S&E-related occupations 121,000 3,000 125,000 2,500 120,000 1,500 149,000 6,000 100,000 1,000 100,000 1,000 99,000 9,500
Health occupations, except postsecondary teachers and managers 121,000 4,000 125,000 6,000 122,000 4,000 149,000 14,000 98,000 5,000 98,000 6,500 100,000 10,000
Postsecondary teachers, health and related sciences 100,000 2,500 100,000 2,000 98,000 3,000 105,000 9,000 89,000 8,500 94,000 9,000 73,000 19,000
S&E managers, including health 155,000 4,000 159,000 1,500 155,000 3,500 170,000 6,000 120,000 10,500 129,000 7,500 119,000 22,500
S&E precollege teachers 63,000 2,500 63,000 2,500 65,000 3,000 49,000 16,000 42,000 6,500 D D D D
S&E technicians and technologists 109,000 5,500 119,000 9,000 107,000 16,000 131,000 15,000 85,000 7,500 85,000 13,000 95,000 22,500
Other S&E-related occupations 130,000 14,000 132,000 15,500 145,000 7,500 119,000 24,500 S S S S D D
Non-S&E occupations 130,000 1,500 131,000 3,000 125,000 3,500 149,000 1,000 120,000 5,000 125,000 7,000 110,000 15,000
Arts/humanities-related occupations 85,000 3,000 85,000 3,500 83,000 3,000 94,000 8,000 79,000 8,500 77,000 11,500 D D
Management-related occupations 129,000 4,500 129,000 4,000 124,000 6,000 142,000 9,000 125,000 11,000 136,000 18,500 121,000 20,500
Non-S&E managers 168,000 4,000 170,000 2,500 162,000 4,000 190,000 5,500 145,000 10,000 146,000 5,000 119,000 20,500
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers 94,000 2,000 94,000 2,000 94,000 2,000 94,000 4,000 83,000 9,500 90,000 8,500 78,000 10,000
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers 74,000 3,000 75,000 2,500 75,000 4,000 70,000 11,000 60,000 29,000 88,000 34,500 S S
Sales/marketing occupations 120,000 2,500 120,000 3,000 113,000 2,500 147,000 4,000 120,000 10,000 120,000 20,000 119,000 16,000
Social service–related occupations 64,000 1,000 65,000 2,000 65,000 4,000 52,000 11,000 D D D D D D
Other non-S&E occupations 121,000 7,000 120,000 6,500 118,000 5,500 131,000 6,500 141,000 29,000 116,000 32,500 140,000 48,500
Codes used in data tables: * = suppressed when population estimate < 25. D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. na = not applicable. S = suppressed for reliability; coefficient of variation exceeds publication standards.
S&E = science and engineering; SE = standard error.
a From 1999 to 2008, data for Industrial engineers were mislabeled as “Materials/metallurgical engineers.” For all years, data in this category have included only industrial engineers. For all years, data on Materials/metallurgical engineers have been included only in Other engineers.
NOTES: Median annual salaries are for principal job and are rounded to nearest $1,000. Standard errors are rounded up to the nearest $500. Residence location is based on reported living location on 1 February 2017.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Doctorate Recipients: 2017.