FFRDC = federally funded research and development center.

^a Intramural activities cover costs associated with the administration of intramural and extramural programs by federal personnel as well as actual intramural performance.

NOTES: Because of rounding, detail may not add to total. In FY 2000, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) reclassified the International Space Station (ISS) as a physical asset, reclassified ISS Research as equipment, and transferred funding for the program from R&D to R&D plant; the National Institutes of Health reclassified all its development activities as research. In FY 2003, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration reclassified some of its funding categories as non-R&D that were considered R&D in prior years. In FY 2006, NASA reclassified as operational costs funding for Space Operations, the Hubble Space Telescope, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, and the James Webb Space Telescope that previously had been reported as R&D plant. Between FY 2006 and FY 2007, NASA's R&D obligations decreased for two reasons: (1) in FY 2007, NASA excluded projects that were operational in nature that were not excluded in FY 2006, which accounts for $850 million of the decrease; and (2) there was an overall decrease in obligations between FY 2006 and FY 2007, which accounts for the remainder of the decrease. In FY 2010, NASA resumed reporting ISS obligations as R&D plant. In FY 2012, NASA began reporting ISS obligations as research rather than R&D plant. In FY 2013, NASA revamped its reporting process so that the data for FY 2012 forward are not directly comparable with totals reported in previous years. In FY 2010, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was unable to report R&D by performer or by location. Percentage distributions calculated from EPA's data submission for FY 2009 were used to estimate its FY 2010 R&D by performer and its location. Beginning in FY 2011, Department of Defense totals include additional classified R&D projects not previously reported by its subagencies. FYs 2009 and 2010 obligations include additional funding provided by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development.