FFRDC = federally funded research and development center.

^a Intramural activities cover costs associated with the administration of intramural R&D programs and extramural R&D procurements by federal personnel as well as actual intramural performance.

NOTES: Because of rounding, detail may not add to total. In FY 2000, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) reclassified the International Space Station (ISS) as a physical asset, reclassified ISS Research as equipment, and transferred funding for the program from R&D to R&D plant; the National Institutes of Health reclassified all its development activities as research. In FY 2003, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration reclassified some of its funding categories as non-R&D that were considered R&D in prior years. Between FY 2006 and FY 2007, NASA's R&D obligations decreased for two reasons: (1) in FY 2007, NASA excluded projects that were operational in nature that were not excluded in FY 2006, which accounts for $850 million of the decrease; and (2) there was an overall decrease in obligations between FY 2006 and FY 2007, which accounts for the remainder of the decrease. In FY 2010, NASA resumed reporting ISS obligations as R&D plant. In FY 2013, NASA revamped its reporting process so that the data for FY 2012 forward are not directly comparable with totals reported in previous years. In FY 2010, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was unable to report R&D by performer or by location. Percentage distributions calculated from EPA's data submission for FY 2009 were used to estimate its FY 2010 R&D by performer and its location. Beginning in FY 2011, the Department of Defense (DOD) totals include additional classified R&D projects not previously reported by its subagencies. FYs 2009 and 2010 obligations include additional funding provided by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Beginning with FY 2016, the totals reported for development obligations represent a refinement to this category by more narrowly defining it to be “experimental development.” Most notably, totals for development do not include the DOD Budget Activity 7 (Operational Systems Development) obligations. Those funds, previously included in DOD’s development obligation totals, support the development efforts to upgrade systems that have been fielded or have received approval for full-rate production and anticipate production funding in the current or subsequent fiscal year. Therefore, the data are not directly comparable with totals reported in previous years.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development.