^a Includes America Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Wake Island.

^b Includes R&D performed or administered in foreign countries by the U.S. government.

NOTES: Because of rounding, detail may not add to total. Eleven agencies are required to report data for this section of the survey: the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense (DOD), Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, the Interior, and Transportation; the Environmental Protection Agency; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); and the National Science Foundation. Obligations of these 11 agencies represented over 98% of total federal R&D obligations in FY 2016. Although the nongeographic historical tables incorporate corrections to previously reported data that have been submitted by reporting agencies, corresponding corrections to geographic distributions are rarely obtainable. Geographic distribution of DOD development funding to industry reflects location of prime contractors and not the numerous subcontractors who perform much of the R&D. In FY 2000, NASA reclassified the International Space Station (ISS) as a physical asset, reclassified ISS Research as equipment, and transferred funding for the program from R&D to R&D plant; the National Institutes of Health reclassified all its development activities as research. In FY 2003, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration reclassified some of its funding categories as non-R&D that were considered R&D in prior years. In FY 2006, NASA reclassified as operational costs funding for Space Operations, the Hubble Space Telescope, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, and the James Webb Space Telescope that previously had been reported as R&D plant. Between FY 2006 and FY 2007, NASA's R&D obligations decreased for two reasons: (1) in FY 2007, NASA excluded projects that were operational in nature that were not excluded in FY 2006, which accounts for $850 million of the decrease; and (2) there was an overall decrease in obligations between FY 2006 and FY 2007, which accounts for the remainder of the decrease.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development.