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Table A-2. Notes associated with agencies included in the Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development: Volumes 29–68

Department Explanatory information
Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Marketing Service Although the Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) was established in April 1972, FY 1979 was the first year in which Congress appropriated funds to this agency.
Data reported for AMS include funds for the Office of Transportation beginning in 1989.
The Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration (GIPSA) was re-organized and absorbed in AMS in September 2017. Because GIPSA R&D projects were closed out, the transfer did not have much effect on the FY 2018 funding reported by AMS.
Agricultural Research Service The Human Nutrition Information Service merged with the Agricultural Research Service on 20 February 1994.
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service The Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service was abolished as of 20 October 1994.
Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service The Cooperative State Research Service merged with the Extension Service on 19 October 1994 to become the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES) due to reorganization of the Department of Agriculture.
CSREES changed its name to the National Institute of Food and Agriculture in FY 2008.
Economic Research Service Data reported for the Economics, Statistics, and Cooperative Service include programs of the Economic Research Service (ERS), the Statistical Reporting Service (SRS), and the Farmer Cooperative Service for FYs 1977–79.
Data reported for the Economics and Statistics Service include programs of ERS and SRS for FY 1980.
Economics and Statistics Service Data reported for the Economics and Statistics Service include programs of the Economic Research Service and the Statistical Reporting Service for FY 1980.
Economics, Statistics, and Cooperative Service Data reported for the Economics, Statistics, and Cooperative Service include programs of the Economic Research Service, the Statistical Reporting Service, and the Farmer Cooperative Service for FYs 1977–79.
Federal Grain Inspection Service The Federal Grain Inspection Service was abolished on 20 October 1994, and the Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration assumed its functions.
Foreign Agricultural Service The Office of International Cooperation and Development became part of the Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) in June 1994. Data reported for FAS include funds appropriated to International Cooperation and Development programs within FAS as of FY 1994.
Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration The Federal Grain Inspection Service was abolished on 20 October 1994, and the Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration (GIPSA) assumed its functions.
GIPSA was re-organized and absorbed in the Agricultural Marketing Service in September 2017; GIPSA funding for FY 2017 declined because GIPSA R&D projects were closed out. GIPSA was eliminated as a standalone agency as of 14 November 2017, so no funding was reported for FY 2018.
Human Nutrition Information Service The Human Nutrition Information Service merged with the Agricultural Research Service on 20 February 1994.
National Institute of Food and Agriculture The National Institute of Food and Agriculture was created through the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 and replaced the former Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES).
Office of International Cooperation and Development The Office of International Cooperation and Development became part of the Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) in June 1994. Data reported for FAS include funds appropriated to International Cooperation and Development programs within FAS as of FY 1994.
Office of Transportation Data reported for the Agricultural Marketing Service include funds for the Office of Transportation beginning in 1989.
Rural Business-Cooperative Service This agency's name changed from the Rural Business and Cooperative Development Service to the Rural Business-Cooperative Service on 30 January 1996.
Department of Commerce
Maritime Administration In 1981, the Maritime Administration moved from the Department of Commerce to the Department of Transportation.
National Fire Prevention and Control Administration Functions for the National Fire Prevention and Control Administration transferred from the Department of Commerce to the Federal Emergency Management Agency as of 1 April 1979.
Department of Defense Since volume 40, the Department of Defense (DOD) has reported research obligations and development obligations separately. Tables reporting obligations for research, by state and performer, and obligations for development, by state and performer, were specifically created for DOD. Circumstances specific to DOD are (1) DOD funds the preponderance of federal development and (2) DOD development funded at institutions of higher education is typically performed at university-affiliated nonacademic laboratories, which are separate from universities’ academic departments, where university research is typically performed.
During the volume 44 survey cycle, the Director for Defense Research and Engineering (DDR&E) at DOD requested that the National Science Foundation (NSF) further clarify the true character of DOD’s R&D program, particularly as it compares with other federal agencies, by adding more detail to development obligations reported by DOD respondents. Specifically, DOD requested that NSF allow DOD agencies to report development obligations in two separate categories: advanced technology development and major systems development. An excerpt from a letter written by Robert V. Tuohy, Chief, Program Analysis and Integration at DDR&E, to John E. Jankowski, Program Director, Research and Development Statistics Program, Division of Science Resources Statistics, NSF, explains the reasoning behind the DDR&E request: "The DOD’s R&D program is divided into two major pieces, Science and Technology (S&T) and Major Systems Development. The other federal agencies’ entire R&D programs are equivalent in nature to DOD’s S&T program, with the exception of the Department of Energy and possibly the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Comparing those other agency programs to DOD’s program, including the development of weapons systems such as F-22 Fighter and the New Attack Submarine, is misleading."
Not all DOD agencies with development obligations are able to categorize them according to the advanced technology and major systems development breakdown. Therefore, in the volume 46 (FYs 1996–98) survey cycle, total DOD development does not equal the sum of total DOD advanced technology development and total DOD major systems development.
Beginning with volume 54 (FYs 2004–06), DOD now requires its reporting agencies to adhere to DOD control numbers when providing data to the Federal Funds Survey.
Starting with volume 61 (FYs 2011–13), DOD subagencies other than the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency were reported as an aggregate total under other defense agencies to enable complete reporting of DOD R&D (both unclassified and classified). Consequently, DOD began reporting additional classified R&D not previously reported by its subagencies.
Starting with volume 62 (FYs 2012–14), an "undistributed" category was added to the geographic location tables for DOD obligations for which the location of performance is not reported. It includes DOD obligations for industry R&D that were included in individual state totals prior to FY 2012 and DOD obligations for other performers that were not reported prior to FY 2011. This change was applied retroactively to FY 2011 data.
Beginning with FY 2016, the totals reported for development outlays represent a refinement to this category by more narrowly defining it to be “experimental development.” Most notably, totals for development do not include the DOD Budget Activity 7 (Operational Systems Development) outlays. Those funds, previously included in DOD’s development outlay totals, support the development efforts to upgrade systems that have been fielded or have received approval for full rate production and anticipate production funding in the current or subsequent fiscal year. Therefore, the data are not directly comparable with totals reported in previous years.
As of volume 66 (FYs 2016–17), the definition of major systems development was changed to represent DOD Budget Activities 4 through 6 instead of Budget Activities 4 through 7.
Funding for DOD's Operational Systems Development (Budget Activity 7) was first reported as a separate category for volume 66 (FYs 2016–17).
Defense Agencies
Chemical and Biological Defense Before FY 2000, R&D of Chemical and Biological Defense was reported with the Washington Headquarters Services.
Beginning with volume 61 (FYs 2011–13), agency totals are included in the category Other defense agencies.
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency This agency's name changed to the Advanced Research Projects Agency on 13 July 1993, and it was changed back to Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency in February 1996.
Defense Business Transformation Agency The Defense Business Transformation Agency was established on 7 October 2005.
Beginning with volume 61 (FYs 2011–13), agency totals are included in the category Other defense agencies.
Defense Contract Management Agency Beginning with volume 61 (FYs 2011–13), agency totals are included in the category Other defense agencies.
Defense Information Systems Agency Data reported for the Defense Information Systems Agency included data for the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) until FY 2006, when DTIC became a separate field activity.
Beginning with volume 61 (FYs 2011–13), agency totals are included in the category Other defense agencies.
Defense Logistics Agency Beginning with volume 61 (FYs 2011–13), agency totals are included in the category Other defense agencies.
Defense Security Cooperation Agency Beginning with volume 61 (FYs 2011–13), agency totals are included in the category Other defense agencies.
Defense Special Weapons Agency The Defense Nuclear Agency was renamed the Defense Special Weapons Agency (DSWA) in 1996 as a result of a new charter and an expanded mission.
The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) was established on 1 October 1998. DTRA was formed through a merger of elements of the Office of the Secretary of Defense staff, the Defense Technology Security Administration, DSWA, and the On-Site Inspection Agency.
Defense Technical Information Center In FY 2006, the Defense Technical Information Center became a separate field activity; in prior years, these data were reported as part of the Defense Information Systems Agency.
Beginning with volume 61 (FYs 2011–13), agency totals are included in the category Other defense agencies.
Defense Threat Reduction Agency The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) was established on 1 October 1998. DTRA was formed through a merger of elements of the Office of the Secretary of Defense staff, the Defense Technology Security Administration, the Defense Special Weapons Agency, and the On-Site Inspection Agency.
Beginning with volume 61 (FYs 2011–13), agency totals are included in the category Other defense agencies.
Joint Staff The name of this agency changed from Joint Chiefs of Staff to Joint Staff in FY 1986.
Beginning with volume 61 (FYs 2011–13), agency totals are included in the category Other defense agencies.
Missile Defense Agency Beginning with volume 61 (FYs 2011–13), agency totals are included in the category Other defense agencies.
National Imagery and Mapping Agency The Defense Mapping Agency merged with the newly created National Imagery and Mapping Agency on 1 October 1996.
Office of the Secretary of Defense In FY 2006, the Washington Headquarters Service was renamed the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD).
Beginning with volume 61 (FYs 2011–13), excepting the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, OSD began reporting for the agencies that had been presented under Department of Defense (DOD) agencies and activities and Operational Test and Evaluation, Director. These are now reported under Other defense agencies.
Other defense agencies Beginning in FY 2011, Other defense agencies displays aggregated data of DOD subagencies engaged in classified R&D projects.
Special Operations Command Beginning with volume 61 (FYs 2011–13), agency totals are included in the category Other defense agencies.
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Data for the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences are included with the Washington Headquarters Services' submission as of volume 45 (FYs 1995–97).
Washington Headquarters Services Data for the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences are included with the Washington Headquarters Services' (WHS's) submission as of volume 45 (FYs 1995–97).
Public Law No. 103-160, Section 1703, made the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) responsible for the Chemical and Biological Defense Program (CBDP). Section 1701 required the creation of CBDP research, development, test, and evaluation program elements be established in the President's Budget for FYs 1996–97. Data for these new program elements are included in the Federal Funds Survey as of volume 46 (FYs 1996–98). Since FY 2000, R&D of Chemical and Biological Defense has been reported separately from the WHS.
WHS's basic research data were revised in volume 47 (FYs 1997–99) to reflect changes that were not incorporated in volume 46 (FYs 1996–98).
In FY 2006, WHS was renamed OSD.
Defense Civil Preparedness Agency Functions for the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency transferred from the Department of Defense to the Federal Emergency Management Agency on 20 July 1979.
Department of the Air Force Beginning in FY 2000, the Department of the Air Force (AF) did not report Budget Activity 6.7 Operational Systems Development data, because the agency misunderstood the reporting requirements. During the volume 57 data collection cycle, AF edited prior-year data for FYs 2000–07 to include Budget Activity 6.7 Operational Systems Development data. These data revisions were derived from FY 2007 distribution percentages that were then applied backward to revise data for FY 2000–06.
Beginning in FY 2011, the Air Force stopped reporting classified R&D projects by location and started reporting them as undistributed.
Department of the Army
Civil Functions Department of the Army (DA), Civil Functions (Corps of Engineers), development activities are appropriated by the Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act and therefore cannot be categorized according to the advanced technology and major systems development breakdown. For accounting purposes, the funds are shown in the advanced technology total for DA.
Operational Test and Evaluation, Director On 7 June 1999, the Secretary of Defense approved the disestablishment of the Office of the Director, Test, Systems Engineering and Evaluation. As a result of the restructure, the Director, Operational Test and Evaluation, assumed management responsibility for the Central Test and Evaluation Investment Program and the Test and Evaluation Program, excluding the Joint Test and Evaluation Program.
Other defense agencies Beginning with volume 61 (FYs 2011–13), Other defense agencies displays aggregated data of Department of Defense subagencies engaged in classified R&D projects. DOD does not report the location of performance for these projects; rather they report these obligations as undistributed.
Test and Evaluation, Deputy under Secretary of Defense On 7 June 1999, the Secretary of Defense approved the disestablishment of the Office of the Director, Test, Systems Engineering and Evaluation. As a result of the restructure, the Director, Operational Test and Evaluation, assumed management responsibility for the Central Test and Evaluation Investment Program and the Test and Evaluation Program, excluding the Joint Test and Evaluation Program.
Beginning with volume 61 (FYs 2011–13), agency totals are included in Other defense agencies.
Department of Education Several programs that serve older adults and people with disabilities were transferred from other agencies to the Department of Health and Human Services' Administration for Community Living, including a number of programs from the Department of Education due to the 2014 Workforce Innovation and Opportunities Act.
Department of Energy In January 1996, the Bureau of Mines was abolished, and some of its activities were transferred to the Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Department of Energy (DOE).
Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy In FY 2007, the president signed the America Creating Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology, Education, and Science Act (America COMPETES), which authorized the creation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy. In FY 2009, Congress appropriated $400 million to fund the agency's first projects.
Bonneville Power Administration In FY 1982, the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) became part of the Department of Energy.
BPA ceased to be a respondent as of the volume 68 (FYs 2018–19) data collection cycle.
Energy Delivery and Energy Reliability In March 2003, the Department of Energy (DOE) created the Office of Electric Transmission and Distribution and the Office of Energy Assurance. In 2005, both offices and elements of the DOE Office of Fossil Energy were merged into the new Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability.
Department of Health and Human Services
Administration on Aging In FY 1991, Human Development Services was replaced by the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) and by the Administration on Aging (AOA). Since FY 1992, data shown for ACF have been separate from obligations for AOA.
In FY 2012, AOA was transferred to the Administration for Community Living.
Administration for Children and Families Obligations reported for the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) may be incomplete for FY 1992 due to unavailability of data.
In FY 1991, Human Development Services was replaced by ACF and by the Administration on Aging (AOA). Since FY 1992, data shown for ACF have been separate from obligations for AOA.
Administration for Community Living The Administration for Community Living (ACL) began reporting in FY 2015, replacing the Administration on Aging, which was transferred to ACL when ACL was established on 18 April 2012. Several programs that serve older adults and people with disabilities were transferred from other agencies to ACL, including a number of programs from the Department of Education due to the 2014 Workforce Innovation and Opportunities Act.
Prior to FY 2012, data reported for the ACL was for the Administration on Aging.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality In FY 1991, the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) became separate from the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health.
AHCPR was renamed the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality as stated in the Healthcare Research and Quality Act of 1999, signed by the president on 6 December 1999.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Prior to FY 2000, data reported for the Environmental Protection Agency include R&D data for the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration Due to reorganization within the Department of Health and Human Services, the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration ceased to exist as of October 1992, and its R&D functions are reported with National Institutes of Health data beginning with FY 1992. However, research support for some fields (such as psychology) in FY 1992 seems to be underreported.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services The Health Care Financing Administration became the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) as of 1 July 2001.
Starting with volume 68 (FYs 2018–19), CMS funding was reported by the CMS Office of Financial Management at an agency-wide level instead of by the CMS Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI) and its R&D group, the Office of Research, Development, and Information (ORDI), which used to report at a component level.
Health Care Financing Administration The Health Care Financing Administration became the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services as of 1 July 2001.
Human Development Services In FY 1991, Human Development Services was replaced by the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) and by the Administration on Aging (AOA). Since FY 1992, data shown for ACF have been separate from obligations for AOA.
National Institutes of Health Due to reorganization within the Department of Health and Human Services, the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration ceased to exist as of October 1992, and its R&D functions have been reported with National Institutes of Health (NIH) data since FY 1992. However, research support for some fields (such as psychology) in FY 1992 seems to be underreported.
In FY 2000, NIH reclassified as research the activities that it had previously classified as development; NIH data for FY 2000 forward reflect this change. For more information on the classification changes at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and NIH, refer to Classification Revisions Reduce Reported Federal Development Obligations (InfoBrief NSF 02-309), February 2002, available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf02309/.
NIH revised its financial database; beginning with FY 2004, NIH records no longer contain information on the field of science and engineering. Data for FY 2004 and later years are not directly comparable with data for FY 2003 and earlier years.
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health In FY 1991, the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research became separate from the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health (ASH).
ASH merged with the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS) as of FY 1996. The merger created a new role for the Assistant Secretary for Health who became head of the Office of Public Health and Science, a new division within OS.
Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health merged with the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS) as of FY 1996. The merger created a new role for the Assistant Secretary for Health who became head of the Office of Public Health and Science, a new division within OS.
Office of Public Health and Science The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health merged with the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS) as of FY 1996. The merger created a new role for the Assistant Secretary for Health who became head of the Office of Public Health and Science, a new division within OS.
Social Security Administration Effective 31 March 1995, the Social Security Administration became an independent agency; it is no longer part of the Department of Health and Human Services.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration In FY 2003, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) reclassified some of its funding categories as non-R&D that were considered R&D in prior years.
Data for FYs 2003–06 from SAMHSA are estimates based on SAMHSA's obligations by program activity budget and previously reported funding for development.
Department of Homeland Security On 25 November 2002, the president signed the Homeland Security Act of 2002, establishing the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). DHS includes the R&D activities previously reported by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the Science and Technology Directorate, the Transportation Security Administration, the U.S. Coast Guard, and the U.S. Secret Service.
Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office The Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction (CWMD) Office was established on 7 December 2017. CWMD consolidated primarily the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) and a majority of the Office of Health Affairs, as well as other DHS elements. Prior to FY 2018, data reported for the CWMD is for the DNDO.
Domestic Nuclear Detection Office The Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) began reporting for FY 2014. It was consolidated under the Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction (CWMD) Office in December 2017. All of its funding is reported under the CWMD.
Science and Technology Directorate The Transportation Security Laboratory (TSL) initially existed under the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), but in the 2005 DHS reorganization, TSL was moved from TSA to the Science and Technology Directorate.
During the volume 67 (FYs 2017–18) data collection, the Science and Technology Directorate revised its FY 2016 data.
Transportation Security Administration The Transporation Security Administration, which did not report data between FY 2010 and FY 2017, resumed reporting for volume 68 (FYs 2018–19).
U.S. Secret Service The U.S. Secret Service, which did not report data between FY 2009 and FY 2017, resumed reporting for volume 68 (FYs 2018–19).
Department of the Interior
Bonneville Power Administration In FY 1982, the Bonneville Power Administration became part of the Department of Energy.
Bureau of Land Management In January 1996, the Bureau of Mines was abolished, and some of its activities were transferred to the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Department of Energy.
BLM, which did not report data between FY 1999 and FY 2014, resumed reporting for volume 65 (FYs 2015–17).
Bureau of Mines In January 1996, the Bureau of Mines was abolished, and some of its activities were transferred to the Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Department of Energy.
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement was split into Bureau of Ocean Energy Management and Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement in FY 2012.
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement On 19 May 2010, the Minerals Management Service was renamed the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement (BOEMRE).
BOEMRE was split into the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management and the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement in FY 2012.
Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement was split into the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management and the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement in FY 2012.
Minerals Management Service On 19 May 2010, the Minerals Management Service was renamed the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement.
National Biological Service The name of the National Biological Survey changed to the National Biological Service (NBS) on 5 January 1995. Since FY 1994, NBS has performed all biological research activities formerly funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Park Service.
Funding for NBS comes from the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS's) congressional appropriation. Since FY 1996, data for the NBS have been included with the USGS submission.
National Park Service The name of the National Biological Survey changed to the National Biological Service (NBS) on 5 January 1995. Since FY 1994, NBS has performed all biological research activities formerly funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Park Service (NPS).
Obligations for FYs 2003–08 are for the NPS natural resources program; data for the cultural resources program were not available.
Office of the Secretary of the Interior The Department of the Interior's Office of the Secretary has not funded any R&D activities since FY 1995.
Office of Water Research and Technology The Office of Water Research and Technology has been combined with the U.S. Geological Survey since 1985.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service The name of the National Biological Survey changed to the National Biological Service (NBS) on 5 January 1995. Since FY 1994, the NBS has performed all biological research activities formerly funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Park Service.
FWS, which did not report data between FY 1999 and FY 2014, resumed reporting for volume 65 (FYs 2015–17).
U.S. Geological Survey The Office of Water Research and Technology has been combined with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) since 1985.
Funding for the National Biological Service (NBS) comes from the USGS congressional appropriation. Since FY 1996, data for NBS have been included with the USGS submission.
In January 1996, the Bureau of Mines was abolished, and some of its activities were transferred to the Bureau of Land Management, the USGS, and the Department of Energy.
Department of Justice
Drug Enforcement Administration Large differences exist between the Drug Enforcement Administration's R&D funding amounts for FYs 1996 and 1997 due to changes in the agency's R&D programs.
Immigration and Naturalization Service On 1 March 2003, service and benefit functions of Immigration and Naturalization Service were transferred to the Department of Homeland Security as the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services.
Department of Labor
Labor-Management Relations and Cooperative Programs In 1984, Labor-Management Relations and Cooperative Programs replaced the Labor-Management Services Administration.
Labor-Management Services Administration In 1984, the Labor-Management Services Administration was replaced by the Labor-Management Relations and Cooperative Programs.
Department of State The Agency for International Development (USAID) transferred from the Department of State (DOS) to the International Development Cooperation Agency on 1 October 1979.
Increases in outlays and obligations reported by DOS during the volume 44 (FYs 1994–96) survey cycle reflect reporting of moneys received through interagency agreements with USAID. DOS transfers these outlays and obligations to other R&D performers.
Effective 1 April 1999, all functions and authorities of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency were transferred to DOS.
On 1 October 1999, the U.S. Information Agency was integrated into DOS.
DOS data for FY 2014 were excluded due to their poor quality.
As of volume 68 (FYs 2018–19), DOS added the Global Health Programs R&D funding.
Agency for International Development The Agency for International Development (USAID) transferred from the Department of State (DOS) to the International Development Cooperation Agency on 1 October 1979.
Increases in outlays and obligations reported by DOS during the volume 44 (FYs 1994–96) survey cycle reflect reporting of moneys received through interagency agreements with USAID. DOS transfers these outlays and obligations to other R&D performers.
Department of Transportation The Department of Transportation (DOT) did not become operational until 1967. Prior to 1966, similar obligations appear under DOT’s organizational predecessors: the Federal Aviation Agency, the U.S. Coast Guard (formerly part of the Department of the Treasury and transferred to the Department of Homeland Security in 2003), the Bureau of Public Roads, the Office of Transportation Research and Development, and other components of the Department of Commerce vested with transportation functions.
Federal Highway Administration The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, formerly a part of the Federal Highway Administration, was established within the Department of Transportation on 1 January 2000, as stated in the Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999 (Public Law No. 106-159, 113 Stat. 1748 [9 December 1999]).
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, formerly a part of the Federal Highway Administration, was established within the Department of Transportation on 1 January 2000, as stated in the Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999 (Public Law No. 106-159, 113 Stat. 1748 [9 December 1999]).
Federal Transit Administration The name of this agency changed from the Urban Mass Transit Administration to the Federal Transit Administration on 18 December 1991.
Maritime Administration In 1981, the Maritime Administration moved from the Department of Commerce to the Department of Transportation.
Research and Innovative Technology Administration In January 2014, all Research and Innovative Technology Administration programs were transferred into the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology in the Office of the Secretary of Transportation.
U.S. Coast Guard On 25 November 2002, the president signed the Homeland Security Act of 2002, establishing the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). DHS includes the R&D activities previously reported by the U.S. Coast Guard.
Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service Due to the reorganization of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and subsequent unavailability of data, FY 1992 figures are taken from estimates made in the volume 41 (FYs 1991–93) submission.
Large changes in obligations reported by IRS for volume 44 (FYs 1994–96) are due to shifts in research funding.
The IRS performed a detailed evaluation and assessment of its programs and determined that none of its functions can be defined as an R&D activity as defined in Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-11. Despite not having any R&D obligations, the IRS still sponsors a Federally Funded Research and Development Center, the Center for Enterprise Modernization.
Office of Thrift Supervision In 1989, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board was replaced by the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS). In 1990, OTS became part of the Department of the Treasury.
As of 21 July 2011, OTS merged with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency; it ceased to exist on 19 October 2011.
U.S. Customs Service Beginning in FY 2003, the U.S. Customs Service Research and Development program was transferred to other subagencies of the Department of Homeland Security.
U.S. Secret Service On 25 November 2002, the president signed the Homeland Security Act of 2002, establishing the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). DHS includes the R&D activities previously reported by the U.S. Secret Service (USSS).
Department of Veterans Affairs During volume 68 (FYs 2018-19),The Department of Veterans Affairs added funds for the Medical Services Support to the existing R&D funding to fully report the total cost of intramural R&D. Although the Medical Services Support do not directly fund specific R&D activities, they do cover the additional expense of hosting intramural research programs that were not previously reported. 
Other agencies
Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts The Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts began reporting as of volume 66 (FYs 2016–17).
Agency for International Development Increases in outlays and obligations reported by the Department of State (DOS) during the volume 44 (FYs 1994–96) survey cycle reflect reporting of moneys received through interagency agreements with the Agency for International Development (USAID). DOS transfers these outlays and obligations to other R&D performers.
USAID's new integrated system for budget and accounting records used to report data for volume 48 (FYs 1998–2000) did not contain codes for determining either fields of science and engineering or performer data. The National Science Foundation estimated these data based on USAID's Budget Authority (FYs 2000–02) and USAID's Federal Funds Survey submission to volume 44 (FYs 1994–96).
USAID transferred from DOS to the International Development Cooperation Agency on 1 October 1979.
Broadcasting Board of Governors The Broadcasting Board of Governors became an independent federal entity on 1 October 1999, as mandated by the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act (Public Law 105-277), signed by the president on 21 October 1998.
Consumer Product Safety Commission The Consumer Product Safety Commission did not submit data from FY 2004 through FY 2011 but began reporting again for volume 62 (FYs 2012–14).
Environmental Protection Agency Before FY 2000, data reported for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) included R&D data for the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
In FY 2010, EPA was unable to report R&D or R&D plant by performer or by location. Percentage distributions calculated from EPA's data submission for FY 2009 were used to estimate its FY 2010 R&D by performer and its location.
Federal Emergency Management Agency The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was activated 1 April 1979, by Executive Order 12127. FEMA merged many of the separate disaster-related responsibilities, including the National Fire Prevention and Control Administration, whose 1978 funds are reported under FEMA.
Functions for the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency transferred from the Department of Defense to FEMA on 20 July 1979.
Functions for the National Fire Prevention and Control Administration transferred from the Department of Commerce to FEMA on 1 April 1979.
Functions were transferred to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) by act of 25 Nov. 2002 (116 Stat. 2213) and absorbed into DHS effective 1 March 2003.
General Services Administration Since 1985, the National Archives and Records Administration has been separate from the General Services Administration.
International Development Cooperation Agency The Agency for International Development transferred from the Department of State to the International Development Cooperation Agency on 1 October 1979.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration During the volume 45 (FYs 1995–97) survey cycle, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) made a statistical adjustment to the 1994 and 1995 field of science and engineering values to diminish a computational error introduced by its software.
In FY 2000, NASA reclassified the International Space Station (ISS) as a physical asset, reclassified ISS Research as equipment, and transferred funding for the program from R&D to R&D plant.
FYs 2004–06. NASA implemented a full-cost budget approach, which includes all of the direct and indirect costs for procurement, personnel, travel, and other infrastructure-related expenses relative to a particular program and project. NASA’s data for FY 2004 and later years may not be directly comparable with its data for FY 2003 and earlier years.
In FY 2006, NASA reclassified funding for the following items as operational costs: Space Operations, the Hubble Space Telescope, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, and the James Webb Space Telescope. This funding was previously reported as R&D plant.
Between FYs 2006 and 2007, NASA's R&D obligations decreased by $1 billion. Of this amount, $850 million was accounted for by obligations for operational projects that NASA excluded in FY 2007 but reported in FY 2006. The remainder was from an overall decrease in obligations between FYs 2006 and 2007.
In FY 2010, NASA resumed reporting ISS obligations as R&D plant.
In FY 2012, NASA began reporting ISS obligations as research rather than R&D plant.
In FY 2013, NASA revamped its reporting process so that the data for FY 2012 forward are not directly comparable with totals reported in previous years.
NASA estimated that the revised Office of Management and Budget definition for "experimental development" reduced its reported R&D total by about $2.7 billion in FY 2017 and $2.9 billion in FY 2018 from what would have been reported under the previous definition prior to volume 66 (FYs 2016–17).
National Archives and Records Administration Since 1985, the National Archives and Records Administration has been separate from the General Services Administration.
National Science Foundation The National Science Foundation made changes to its field of science and engineering coding system, producing changes to some of the FY 1996 field of science data (such as mechanical engineering). These changes are reflected in the historical data tables.
Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Trust Fund The Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Trust Fund (PCORTF) was established by Congress through the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, signed by the president on 23 March 2010. PCORTF began reporting for volume 67 (FYs 2017–18), but it also submitted data for FYs 2011–16.
Office of Thrift Supervision In 1989, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board was replaced by the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS). In 1990, OTS became part of the Department of the Treasury.
Social Security Administration Effective 31 March 1995, the Social Security Administration became an independent agency; it is no longer part of the Department of Health and Human Services.
Tennessee Valley Authority During the volume 47 (FYs 1997–99) survey cycle, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) made adjustments to its FY 1996 R&D values to correct reporting errors. TVA reported that in recent years, most of the funds TVA had reported had been those invested by TVA's Office of Power rather than congressionally appropriated funds. In addition, a substantial amount of congressionally appropriated funds earmarked for environmental compliance and site restoration was erroneously reported as R&D in past years. TVA determined that these funds did not meet the criteria for classification as R&D spending. Some trend shifts are related to these adjustments because TVA could only make revisions as far back as 1996.
TVA, which did not report data between FY 1999 and FY 2016, resumed reporting for volume 67 (FYs 2017–18).
U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency FY 1994 figures for the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) are based on the agency's volume 43 submission for FY 1993.
Effective 1 April 1999, all functions and authorities of ACDA were transferred to the Department of State.
U.S. Information Agency Data reported for the U.S. Information Agency (USIA) include funds for the former International Communication Agency for FYs 1977–81.
On 1 October 1999, USIA was integrated into the Department of State.
U.S. International Trade Commission In 2000, the U.S. International Trade Commission stopped classifying any of its activities as R&D.
U.S. Postal Service The U.S. Postal Service, which did not report data between FY 1999 and FY 2016, resumed reporting for volume 67 (FYs 2017–18) and submitted data for FYs 2015–16.
NOTES: These notes include explanatory information on federal agencies' reports for volume 29 (FYs 1979–81) through volume 68 (FYs 2018–19) of the Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development. For volume 68, actual data were collected for FY 2018, and estimates were collected for FY 2019.