Table 47. Postdoctoral appointees in science, engineering, and health in all institutions, by detailed field, citizenship, and doctoral degree type: 2014

Field	Total	U.S. citizens and permanent residents				Temporary visa holders
Field	Total	Doctoral degree^a	Professional degree^a	Dual degree^a	Doctoral degree type unknown^a	Doctoral degree^a	Professional degree^a	Dual degree^a	Doctoral degree type unknown^a
All surveyed fields	63,593	19,804	2,590	428	7,273	24,972	1,817	677	6,032
Science and engineering	44,623	14,543	408	137	5,365	19,069	488	228	4,385
Science	37,316	12,761	391	129	4,380	15,538	468	223	3,426
Agricultural sciences	1,402	455	14	1	259	507	3	1	162
Biological sciences	19,554	6,677	312	112	1,857	8,387	413	188	1,608
Anatomy	235	73	6	6	19	84	5	5	37
Biochemistry	1,885	574	9	1	191	843	17	9	241
Biology	2,392	973	5	0	186	1,092	7	2	127
Biometry and epidemiology	652	277	13	4	51	255	6	5	41
Biophysics	156	55	0	0	7	80	0	0	14
Botany and plant biology	626	204	5	0	134	227	2	0	54
Cell and molecular biology	2,270	678	16	3	367	953	20	15	218
Ecology	102	40	0	0	24	26	0	0	12
Entomology and parasitology	279	113	1	0	33	104	0	0	28
Genetics	1,385	456	13	7	126	578	15	19	171
Microbiology, immunology, and virology	2,187	820	57	26	196	853	30	14	191
Nutrition	236	86	6	1	41	88	5	3	6
Pathology	1,469	431	62	34	82	613	104	47	96
Pharmacology and toxicology	1,226	506	22	13	43	563	24	26	29
Physiology	1,380	507	12	9	119	596	22	20	95
Zoology	75	40	0	0	20	11	0	0	4
Biosciences nec	2,999	844	85	8	218	1,421	156	23	244
Communication	75	32	0	0	8	17	0	0	18
Computer sciences	834	216	0	0	104	408	0	0	106
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences	2,061	733	5	1	417	740	2	0	163
Atmospheric sciences	212	69	0	0	26	104	0	0	13
Geosciences	725	254	1	0	92	292	1	0	85
Ocean sciences	423	232	0	1	20	165	0	0	5
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences nec	701	178	4	0	279	179	1	0	60
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences	114	58	0	0	26	27	0	0	3
Mathematics and statistics	959	332	0	0	101	460	2	0	64
Mathematics and applied mathematics	840	304	0	0	86	394	1	0	55
Statistics	119	28	0	0	15	66	1	0	9
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies	1,045	304	15	1	246	301	4	0	174
Neurobiology and neuroscience	1,878	706	15	6	211	726	26	17	171
Physical sciences	7,277	2,059	9	1	889	3,439	11	9	860
Astronomy and astrophysics	390	151	1	0	82	133	0	0	23
Chemistry	3,891	1,082	7	0	380	1,885	4	5	528
Physics	2,738	800	1	1	323	1,375	7	4	227
Physical sciences nec	258	26	0	0	104	46	0	0	82
Psychology	1,066	634	9	2	120	276	1	3	21
Clinical psychology	85	65	4	0	5	11	0	0	0
Psychology, general	584	314	1	1	92	156	1	1	18
Psychology nec	397	255	4	1	23	109	0	2	3
Social sciences	1,051	555	12	5	142	250	6	5	76
Agricultural economics	65	26	2	0	8	17	0	0	12
Anthropology	142	83	1	1	24	19	0	1	13
Economics (except agricultural)	86	44	1	0	7	25	0	0	9
Geography	104	43	0	0	13	46	0	0	2
History and philosophy of science	9	2	0	0	1	3	1	2	0
Linguistics	36	24	0	0	2	7	0	0	3
Political science and government	258	135	5	1	36	67	4	2	8
Sociology	91	55	1	1	14	17	1	0	2
Sociology and anthropology	3	1	0	0	0	2	0	0	0
Social sciences nec	257	142	2	2	37	47	0	0	27
Engineering	7,307	1,782	17	8	985	3,531	20	5	959
Aerospace engineering	220	52	0	0	29	110	0	1	28
Agricultural engineering	150	27	1	1	22	68	0	0	31
Architecture	14	4	0	0	1	4	0	0	5
Biomedical engineering	1,198	418	5	5	144	464	7	2	153
Chemical engineering	1,244	268	3	1	185	571	2	1	213
Civil engineering	629	154	0	0	97	292	1	0	85
Electrical engineering	1,179	248	4	0	180	607	2	0	138
Engineering science, mechanics, and physics	270	80	0	1	28	155	0	0	6
Industrial and manufacturing engineering	131	39	0	0	10	69	0	0	13
Mechanical engineering	1,058	238	2	0	151	552	6	1	108
Metallurgical and materials engineering	780	136	2	0	96	413	2	0	131
Mining engineering	15	5	0	0	0	9	0	0	1
Nuclear engineering	112	29	0	0	14	47	0	0	22
Petroleum engineering	66	21	0	0	0	45	0	0	0
Engineering nec	241	63	0	0	28	125	0	0	25
Health	18,970	5,261	2,182	291	1,908	5,903	1,329	449	1,647
Clinical medicine	16,216	4,506	2,018	259	1,424	5,090	1,236	421	1,262
Anesthesiology	434	96	44	9	42	133	40	13	57
Cardiovascular science	742	139	99	22	64	203	109	33	73
Endocrinology	435	122	54	9	10	168	35	21	16
Gastroenterology	318	67	54	4	4	112	58	12	7
Hematology	378	93	33	9	19	156	39	20	9
Neurology	1,124	297	70	17	140	350	73	23	154
Obstetrics and gynecology	325	53	76	3	33	105	22	2	31
Oncology and cancer research	1,840	543	122	42	42	905	88	37	61
Ophthalmology	574	125	35	2	38	230	93	22	29
Otorhinolaryngology	164	57	16	1	14	37	19	3	17
Pediatrics	1,512	544	288	14	84	468	51	10	53
Preventive medicine and community health	658	301	39	5	74	164	11	8	56
Psychiatry	1,095	581	79	17	140	193	27	7	51
Pulmonary disease	287	74	107	10	10	45	31	4	6
Radiology	990	224	85	10	52	418	82	17	102
Surgery	1,360	249	239	9	123	314	202	50	174
Clinical medicine nec	3,980	941	578	76	535	1,089	256	139	366
Other health	2,754	755	164	32	484	813	93	28	385
Communication disorders sciences	61	27	2	0	23	6	1	0	2
Dental sciences	328	80	21	6	23	110	31	9	48
Nursing science	82	53	0	6	9	11	0	0	3
Pharmaceutical sciences	1,016	246	45	2	145	424	15	7	132
Veterinary sciences	513	107	63	9	129	110	22	7	66
Other health nec	754	242	33	9	155	152	24	5	134

Field	Total	U.S. citizens and permanent residents				Temporary visa holders
Field	Total	Doctoral degree^a	Professional degree^a	Dual degree^a	Doctoral degree type unknown^a	Doctoral degree^a	Professional degree^a	Dual degree^a	Doctoral degree type unknown^a

NOTES: "Field" refers to the field of the unit that reports postdocs to the Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering. In 2014, the survey frame was updated following a comprehensive frame evaluation study. The study identified potentially eligible but not previously surveyed academic institutions in the United States with master's- or doctorate-granting programs in science, engineering, or health. A total of 151 newly eligible institutions were added, and two private for-profit institutions offering mostly practitioner-based graduate degrees were determined to be ineligible.