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Table 52. Doctorate-holding nonfaculty researchers in science, engineering, and health fields in doctorate-granting institutions, by detailed field and sex: 2010–15

Field and sex 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014olda 2014newa 2015
All surveyed fields 21,287 21,453 21,872 22,397 23,235 23,642 25,199
Male 12,886 13,069 13,231 13,573 14,062 14,272 15,189
Female 8,401 8,384 8,641 8,824 9,173 9,370 10,010
Science and engineering 15,101 15,637 15,742 16,365 16,980 17,368 18,519
Male 9,751 10,107 10,177 10,464 10,892 11,092 11,816
Female 5,350 5,530 5,565 5,901 6,088 6,276 6,703
Science 12,698 13,337 13,252 13,880 14,245 14,632 15,600
Male 7,782 8,223 8,160 8,502 8,751 8,950 9,529
Female 4,916 5,114 5,092 5,378 5,494 5,682 6,071
Agricultural sciences 571 581 567 544 606 613 736
Male 362 356 351 315 345 350 430
Female 209 225 216 229 261 263 306
Biological sciences 6,249 6,215 6,247 6,515 6,484 6,833 6,929
Male 3,338 3,316 3,324 3,469 3,507 3,682 3,740
Female 2,911 2,899 2,923 3,046 2,977 3,151 3,189
Anatomy 96 106 101 81 87 87 52
Male 42 47 51 42 50 50 24
Female 54 59 50 39 37 37 28
Biochemistry 618 651 706 728 707 707 695
Male 351 367 396 403 413 413 404
Female 267 284 310 325 294 294 291
Biology 786 638 598 600 582 582 619
Male 435 372 354 353 328 328 336
Female 351 266 244 247 254 254 283
Biometry and epidemiology 345 322 348 331 324 324 405
Male 121 128 147 145 138 138 177
Female 224 194 201 186 186 186 228
Biophysics 53 30 32 25 57 57 36
Male 35 20 22 17 34 34 24
Female 18 10 10 8 23 23 12
Botany and plant biology 187 216 260 201 236 236 241
Male 106 120 151 113 124 124 133
Female 81 96 109 88 112 112 108
Cell and molecular biology 609 600 627 599 582 610 647
Male 346 333 353 346 344 359 377
Female 263 267 274 253 238 251 270
Ecology 62 67 72 45 52 52 63
Male 48 51 53 38 39 39 47
Female 14 16 19 7 13 13 16
Entomology and parasitology 83 83 80 77 100 100 134
Male 54 56 52 52 69 69 79
Female 29 27 28 25 31 31 55
Genetics 329 312 320 339 402 402 460
Male 183 165 158 188 225 225 254
Female 146 147 162 151 177 177 206
Microbiology, immunology, and virology 778 800 822 802 810 822 795
Male 387 396 412 387 408 415 388
Female 391 404 410 415 402 407 407
Nutrition 149 160 153 155 166 166 188
Male 61 57 56 50 60 60 66
Female 88 103 97 105 106 106 122
Pathology 484 438 445 504 506 506 444
Male 262 233 237 271 251 251 232
Female 222 205 208 233 255 255 212
Pharmacology and toxicology 470 515 431 459 422 427 399
Male 242 255 209 236 222 226 213
Female 228 260 222 223 200 201 186
Physiology 506 532 479 555 489 506 532
Male 267 288 244 304 263 274 287
Female 239 244 235 251 226 232 245
Zoology 29 18 18 19 24 24 27
Male 15 7 6 8 12 12 13
Female 14 11 12 11 12 12 14
Biosciences nec 665 727 755 995 938 1,225 1,192
Male 383 421 423 516 527 665 686
Female 282 306 332 479 411 560 506
Communication 24 15 14 34 31 31 30
Male 13 8 10 14 14 14 16
Female 11 7 4 20 17 17 14
Computer sciences 313 326 349 458 445 445 458
Male 255 272 290 368 356 356 348
Female 58 54 59 90 89 89 110
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences 1,358 1,620 1,509 1,509 1,498 1,498 1,748
Male 988 1,189 1,125 1,110 1,077 1,077 1,235
Female 370 431 384 399 421 421 513
Atmospheric sciences 250 310 318 291 325 325 323
Male 185 237 242 223 247 247 237
Female 65 73 76 68 78 78 86
Geosciences 501 528 522 585 570 570 598
Male 367 405 413 446 424 424 431
Female 134 123 109 139 146 146 167
Ocean sciences 299 401 332 310 314 314 399
Male 188 253 213 193 182 182 240
Female 111 148 119 117 132 132 159
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences nec 308 381 337 323 289 289 428
Male 248 294 257 248 224 224 327
Female 60 87 80 75 65 65 101
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences 38 101 43 43 57 59 74
Male 10 20 11 7 18 19 15
Female 28 81 32 36 39 40 59
Mathematics and statistics 172 174 209 224 221 221 235
Male 123 121 130 164 172 172 176
Female 49 53 79 60 49 49 59
Mathematics and applied mathematics 158 162 190 202 195 195 188
Male 111 112 120 152 153 153 148
Female 47 50 70 50 42 42 40
Statistics 14 12 19 22 26 26 47
Male 12 9 10 12 19 19 28
Female 2 3 9 10 7 7 19
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies 465 509 497 537 658 658 621
Male 306 335 328 369 455 455 429
Female 159 174 169 168 203 203 192
Neurobiology and neuroscience 190 378 356 417 649 665 717
Male 91 201 201 238 326 336 371
Female 99 177 155 179 323 329 346
Physical sciences 2,240 2,320 2,294 2,302 2,420 2,432 2,692
Male 1,768 1,851 1,818 1,839 1,936 1,943 2,154
Female 472 469 476 463 484 489 538
Astronomy and astrophysics 400 381 380 386 414 414 421
Male 321 314 308 306 336 336 324
Female 79 67 72 80 78 78 97
Chemistry 935 997 910 869 920 932 894
Male 692 738 669 637 672 679 659
Female 243 259 241 232 248 253 235
Physics 823 855 915 951 1,000 1,000 1,099
Male 686 730 769 815 859 859 930
Female 137 125 146 136 141 141 169
Physical sciences nec 82 87 89 96 86 86 278
Male 69 69 72 81 69 69 241
Female 13 18 17 15 17 17 37
Psychology 464 432 430 448 410 410 471
Male 204 172 164 174 157 157 182
Female 260 260 266 274 253 253 289
Clinical psychology 31 21 17 31 23 23 39
Male 9 7 1 7 6 6 9
Female 22 14 16 24 17 17 30
Psychology, general 217 217 229 233 218 218 213
Male 89 91 98 99 90 90 89
Female 128 126 131 134 128 128 124
Psychology nec 216 194 184 184 169 169 219
Male 106 74 65 68 61 61 84
Female 110 120 119 116 108 108 135
Social sciences 614 666 737 849 766 767 889
Male 324 382 408 435 388 389 433
Female 290 284 329 414 378 378 456
Agricultural economics 34 22 21 25 29 29 44
Male 22 15 15 17 16 16 26
Female 12 7 6 8 13 13 18
Anthropology 67 81 101 103 90 90 77
Male 28 48 54 57 50 50 39
Female 39 33 47 46 40 40 38
Economics (except agricultural) 42 56 61 56 66 66 71
Male 31 40 45 40 44 44 47
Female 11 16 16 16 22 22 24
Geography 36 49 61 52 54 54 48
Male 25 31 41 32 40 40 35
Female 11 18 20 20 14 14 13
History and philosophy of science 9 15 18 12 9 9 11
Male 6 8 8 5 5 5 8
Female 3 7 10 7 4 4 3
Linguistics 29 13 13 17 12 12 18
Male 13 4 6 6 3 3 6
Female 16 9 7 11 9 9 12
Political science and government 143 221 229 309 283 283 333
Male 85 132 122 157 131 131 141
Female 58 89 107 152 152 152 192
Sociology 48 66 69 53 56 56 75
Male 28 35 28 22 20 20 33
Female 20 31 41 31 36 36 42
Sociology and anthropology 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
Male 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
Female 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Social sciences nec 206 143 163 221 167 168 212
Male 86 69 88 98 79 80 98
Female 120 74 75 123 88 88 114
Engineering 2,403 2,300 2,490 2,485 2,735 2,736 2,919
Male 1,969 1,884 2,017 1,962 2,141 2,142 2,287
Female 434 416 473 523 594 594 632
Aerospace engineering 58 35 49 40 43 43 67
Male 51 34 45 36 33 33 59
Female 7 1 4 4 10 10 8
Agricultural engineering 70 62 65 50 55 55 70
Male 51 43 46 30 37 37 48
Female 19 19 19 20 18 18 22
Architecture 15 11 11 10 5 5 6
Male 11 9 8 6 4 4 5
Female 4 2 3 4 1 1 1
Biomedical engineering 250 247 295 238 322 322 289
Male 169 168 194 154 211 211 179
Female 81 79 101 84 111 111 110
Chemical engineering 265 204 211 264 276 276 264
Male 217 165 167 196 207 207 195
Female 48 39 44 68 69 69 69
Civil engineering 254 274 298 295 310 310 361
Male 199 206 221 233 243 243 277
Female 55 68 77 62 67 67 84
Electrical engineering 394 406 405 429 459 459 491
Male 343 354 350 365 383 383 412
Female 51 52 55 64 76 76 79
Engineering science, mechanics, and physics 114 119 170 157 192 192 184
Male 89 93 139 117 144 144 147
Female 25 26 31 40 48 48 37
Industrial and manufacturing engineering 108 87 70 77 90 90 150
Male 83 71 61 62 76 76 123
Female 25 16 9 15 14 14 27
Mechanical engineering 355 318 389 403 437 438 425
Male 313 289 348 352 371 372 372
Female 42 29 41 51 66 66 53
Metallurgical and materials engineering 224 225 238 267 273 273 289
Male 192 190 197 213 219 219 221
Female 32 35 41 54 54 54 68
Mining engineering 7 4 10 10 8 8 20
Male 7 4 8 6 6 6 17
Female 0 0 2 4 2 2 3
Nuclear engineering 39 44 30 27 34 34 26
Male 34 37 25 21 27 27 20
Female 5 7 5 6 7 7 6
Petroleum engineering 23 36 40 40 63 63 56
Male 20 29 32 31 46 46 42
Female 3 7 8 9 17 17 14
Engineering nec 227 228 209 178 168 168 221
Male 190 192 176 140 134 134 170
Female 37 36 33 38 34 34 51
Health 6,186 5,816 6,130 6,032 6,255 6,274 6,680
Male 3,135 2,962 3,054 3,109 3,170 3,180 3,373
Female 3,051 2,854 3,076 2,923 3,085 3,094 3,307
Clinical medicine 5,011 4,827 5,070 4,983 5,082 5,096 5,491
Male 2,568 2,479 2,542 2,598 2,594 2,603 2,792
Female 2,443 2,348 2,528 2,385 2,488 2,493 2,699
Anesthesiology 137 140 138 128 143 143 128
Male 72 71 71 71 76 76 73
Female 65 69 67 57 67 67 55
Cardiovascular science 180 167 202 221 271 271 314
Male 99 92 102 110 144 144 178
Female 81 75 100 111 127 127 136
Endocrinology 106 87 110 104 118 118 127
Male 49 37 53 44 49 49 60
Female 57 50 57 60 69 69 67
Gastroenterology 73 60 77 92 96 96 87
Male 39 33 37 44 47 47 49
Female 34 27 40 48 49 49 38
Hematology 121 117 110 156 165 165 139
Male 59 62 62 67 77 77 70
Female 62 55 48 89 88 88 69
Neurology 302 205 221 255 329 329 384
Male 153 98 109 125 150 150 181
Female 149 107 112 130 179 179 203
Obstetrics and gynecology 80 80 72 98 121 121 123
Male 28 28 23 33 39 39 39
Female 52 52 49 65 82 82 84
Oncology and cancer research 465 629 661 650 509 509 502
Male 244 343 360 362 274 274 282
Female 221 286 301 288 235 235 220
Ophthalmology 210 206 246 212 231 231 233
Male 102 97 113 107 118 118 120
Female 108 109 133 105 113 113 113
Otorhinolaryngology 110 56 78 93 68 68 65
Male 65 31 35 53 32 32 33
Female 45 25 43 40 36 36 32
Pediatrics 573 533 485 470 420 420 636
Male 279 262 224 218 198 198 299
Female 294 271 261 252 222 222 337
Preventive medicine and community health 562 562 601 508 546 546 627
Male 256 250 249 230 236 236 257
Female 306 312 352 278 310 310 370
Psychiatry 252 218 234 159 169 169 149
Male 97 90 88 71 77 77 63
Female 155 128 146 88 92 92 86
Pulmonary disease 92 96 107 93 99 99 93
Male 51 58 61 53 49 49 44
Female 41 38 46 40 50 50 49
Radiology 273 293 347 343 336 336 373
Male 175 193 229 239 230 230 238
Female 98 100 118 104 106 106 135
Surgery 465 355 429 386 430 430 381
Male 295 218 268 243 269 269 223
Female 170 137 161 143 161 161 158
Clinical medicine nec 1,010 1,023 952 1,015 1,031 1,045 1,130
Male 505 516 458 528 529 538 583
Female 505 507 494 487 502 507 547
Other health 1,175 989 1,060 1,049 1,173 1,178 1,189
Male 567 483 512 511 576 577 581
Female 608 506 548 538 597 601 608
Communication disorders sciences 35 38 36 66 68 68 67
Male 16 16 16 28 29 29 26
Female 19 22 20 38 39 39 41
Dental sciences 116 94 85 72 82 82 93
Male 53 37 38 39 45 45 42
Female 63 57 47 33 37 37 51
Nursing science 113 79 92 53 56 56 40
Male 20 22 24 12 11 11 7
Female 93 57 68 41 45 45 33
Pharmaceutical sciences 304 266 303 303 338 343 370
Male 175 156 184 178 206 207 217
Female 129 110 119 125 132 136 153
Veterinary sciences 300 254 250 267 247 247 310
Male 154 132 116 113 107 107 134
Female 146 122 134 154 140 140 176
Other health nec 307 258 294 288 382 382 309
Male 149 120 134 141 178 178 155
Female 158 138 160 147 204 204 154
nec = not elsewhere classified.
a In 2014, the survey frame was updated following a comprehensive frame evaluation study. The study identified potentially eligible but not previously surveyed academic institutions in the United States with master's- or doctorate-granting programs in science, engineering, or health. A total of 151 newly eligible institutions were added, and two private for-profit institutions offering mostly practitioner-based graduate degrees were determined to be ineligible.
NOTE: "Field" refers to the field of the unit that reports doctorate-holding nonfaculty researchers to the Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering.