Table 38. Postdoctoral appointees in science, engineering, and health in all institutions, by detailed field, sex, and citizenship: 2016
| Field |
Total |
Sex |
Citizenship |
| Male |
Female |
U.S. citizens and permanent residents |
Temporary visa holders |
| All surveyed fields |
64,712 |
39,118 |
25,594 |
29,810 |
34,902 |
| Science and engineering |
45,737 |
29,299 |
16,438 |
20,205 |
25,532 |
| Science |
37,941 |
23,225 |
14,716 |
17,615 |
20,326 |
| Agricultural sciences |
1,484 |
866 |
618 |
755 |
729 |
| Biological sciences |
19,427 |
10,955 |
8,472 |
8,838 |
10,589 |
| Anatomy |
184 |
99 |
85 |
83 |
101 |
| Biochemistry |
1,776 |
1,102 |
674 |
756 |
1,020 |
| Biology |
2,094 |
1,204 |
890 |
1,088 |
1,006 |
| Biometry and epidemiology |
676 |
359 |
317 |
383 |
293 |
| Biophysics |
148 |
103 |
45 |
50 |
98 |
| Botany and plant biology |
648 |
397 |
251 |
346 |
302 |
| Cell and molecular biology |
2,310 |
1,302 |
1,008 |
988 |
1,322 |
| Ecology |
154 |
90 |
64 |
96 |
58 |
| Entomology and parasitology |
254 |
145 |
109 |
140 |
114 |
| Genetics |
1,566 |
893 |
673 |
731 |
835 |
| Microbiology, immunology, and virology |
2,139 |
1,146 |
993 |
1,026 |
1,113 |
| Nutrition |
265 |
108 |
157 |
124 |
141 |
| Pathology |
1,264 |
682 |
582 |
513 |
751 |
| Pharmacology and toxicology |
1,193 |
687 |
506 |
514 |
679 |
| Physiology |
1,494 |
819 |
675 |
620 |
874 |
| Zoology |
46 |
27 |
19 |
39 |
7 |
| Biosciences nec |
3,216 |
1,792 |
1,424 |
1,341 |
1,875 |
| Communication |
86 |
40 |
46 |
44 |
42 |
| Computer sciences |
914 |
722 |
192 |
328 |
586 |
| Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences |
2,104 |
1,334 |
770 |
1,139 |
965 |
| Atmospheric sciences |
254 |
187 |
67 |
93 |
161 |
| Geosciences |
688 |
452 |
236 |
331 |
357 |
| Ocean sciences |
429 |
236 |
193 |
256 |
173 |
| Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences nec |
733 |
459 |
274 |
459 |
274 |
| Family and consumer sciences and human sciences |
116 |
39 |
77 |
85 |
31 |
| Mathematics and statistics |
1,005 |
788 |
217 |
431 |
574 |
| Mathematics and applied mathematics |
887 |
689 |
198 |
395 |
492 |
| Statistics |
118 |
99 |
19 |
36 |
82 |
| Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies |
1,095 |
665 |
430 |
587 |
508 |
| Neurobiology and neuroscience |
2,071 |
1,135 |
936 |
1,003 |
1,068 |
| Physical sciences |
7,269 |
5,618 |
1,651 |
2,778 |
4,491 |
| Astronomy and astrophysics |
440 |
312 |
128 |
222 |
218 |
| Chemistry |
3,742 |
2,788 |
954 |
1,363 |
2,379 |
| Physics |
2,819 |
2,308 |
511 |
1,048 |
1,771 |
| Physical sciences nec |
268 |
210 |
58 |
145 |
123 |
| Psychology |
1,177 |
503 |
674 |
819 |
358 |
| Clinical psychology |
76 |
22 |
54 |
66 |
10 |
| Psychology, general |
721 |
323 |
398 |
477 |
244 |
| Psychology nec |
380 |
158 |
222 |
276 |
104 |
| Social sciences |
1,193 |
560 |
633 |
808 |
385 |
| Agricultural economics |
64 |
29 |
35 |
34 |
30 |
| Anthropology |
152 |
62 |
90 |
116 |
36 |
| Economics (except agricultural) |
89 |
58 |
31 |
31 |
58 |
| Geography |
99 |
54 |
45 |
57 |
42 |
| History and philosophy of science |
11 |
5 |
6 |
5 |
6 |
| Linguistics |
38 |
19 |
19 |
23 |
15 |
| Political science and government |
319 |
159 |
160 |
226 |
93 |
| Sociology |
112 |
47 |
65 |
85 |
27 |
| Sociology and anthropology |
3 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
0 |
| Social sciences nec |
306 |
125 |
181 |
228 |
78 |
| Engineering |
7,796 |
6,074 |
1,722 |
2,590 |
5,206 |
| Aerospace engineering |
201 |
181 |
20 |
81 |
120 |
| Agricultural engineering |
165 |
118 |
47 |
60 |
105 |
| Architecture |
16 |
8 |
8 |
8 |
8 |
| Biomedical engineering |
1,278 |
841 |
437 |
543 |
735 |
| Chemical engineering |
1,218 |
920 |
298 |
400 |
818 |
| Civil engineering |
706 |
530 |
176 |
270 |
436 |
| Electrical engineering |
1,186 |
1,023 |
163 |
314 |
872 |
| Engineering science, mechanics, and physics |
284 |
228 |
56 |
85 |
199 |
| Industrial and manufacturing engineering |
130 |
103 |
27 |
39 |
91 |
| Mechanical engineering |
1,080 |
902 |
178 |
357 |
723 |
| Metallurgical and materials engineering |
882 |
701 |
181 |
234 |
648 |
| Mining engineering |
10 |
7 |
3 |
4 |
6 |
| Nuclear engineering |
100 |
88 |
12 |
24 |
76 |
| Petroleum engineering |
72 |
63 |
9 |
9 |
63 |
| Engineering nec |
468 |
361 |
107 |
162 |
306 |
| Health |
18,975 |
9,819 |
9,156 |
9,605 |
9,370 |
| Clinical medicine |
16,165 |
8,378 |
7,787 |
8,186 |
7,979 |
| Anesthesiology |
424 |
242 |
182 |
187 |
237 |
| Cardiovascular science |
716 |
417 |
299 |
296 |
420 |
| Endocrinology |
355 |
170 |
185 |
172 |
183 |
| Gastroenterology |
304 |
155 |
149 |
133 |
171 |
| Hematology |
316 |
176 |
140 |
129 |
187 |
| Neurology |
1,027 |
510 |
517 |
559 |
468 |
| Obstetrics and gynecology |
297 |
118 |
179 |
146 |
151 |
| Oncology and cancer research |
2,206 |
1,204 |
1,002 |
840 |
1,366 |
| Ophthalmology |
567 |
327 |
240 |
160 |
407 |
| Otorhinolaryngology |
207 |
112 |
95 |
103 |
104 |
| Pediatrics |
1,191 |
485 |
706 |
689 |
502 |
| Preventive medicine and community health |
796 |
313 |
483 |
535 |
261 |
| Psychiatry |
1,060 |
380 |
680 |
769 |
291 |
| Pulmonary disease |
299 |
163 |
136 |
193 |
106 |
| Radiology |
1,011 |
643 |
368 |
406 |
605 |
| Surgery |
1,287 |
770 |
517 |
616 |
671 |
| Clinical medicine nec |
4,102 |
2,193 |
1,909 |
2,253 |
1,849 |
| Other health |
2,810 |
1,441 |
1,369 |
1,419 |
1,391 |
| Communication disorders sciences |
77 |
19 |
58 |
54 |
23 |
| Dental sciences |
287 |
149 |
138 |
140 |
147 |
| Nursing science |
107 |
24 |
83 |
83 |
24 |
| Pharmaceutical sciences |
1,007 |
625 |
382 |
421 |
586 |
| Veterinary sciences |
600 |
275 |
325 |
345 |
255 |
| Other health nec |
732 |
349 |
383 |
376 |
356 |
