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Table 42. Postdoctoral appointees in science, engineering, and health in all institutions, by detailed field, citizenship, ethnicity, and race: 2016

Field Total U.S. citizens and permanent residentsa Temporary visa holders
Hispanic or Latino Not Hispanic or Latino Unknown ethnicity and race
American Indian or Alaska Native Asian Black or African American Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander White More than one race
All surveyed fields 64,712 1,601 151 5,785 1,041 122 17,480 710 2,920 34,902
Science and engineering 45,737 1,041 94 3,697 601 73 12,127 512 2,060 25,532
Science 37,941 930 89 3,056 541 61 10,726 447 1,765 20,326
Agricultural sciences 1,484 31 13 111 12 9 428 70 81 729
Biological sciences 19,427 515 35 1,786 271 20 5,204 218 789 10,589
Anatomy 184 2 0 15 6 2 48 4 6 101
Biochemistry 1,776 39 0 195 22 0 415 9 76 1,020
Biology 2,094 62 8 149 28 0 746 19 76 1,006
Biometry and epidemiology 676 17 2 107 14 5 196 11 31 293
Biophysics 148 1 0 10 0 0 36 2 1 98
Botany and plant biology 648 22 2 74 7 1 176 22 42 302
Cell and molecular biology 2,310 68 3 209 25 2 556 14 111 1,322
Ecology 154 6 1 7 1 0 59 1 21 58
Entomology and parasitology 254 11 4 16 4 0 78 17 10 114
Genetics 1,566 28 3 157 16 5 436 29 57 835
Microbiology, immunology, and virology 2,139 54 2 182 46 2 639 26 75 1,113
Nutrition 265 6 1 25 6 0 77 2 7 141
Pathology 1,264 30 1 124 20 0 303 6 29 751
Pharmacology and toxicology 1,193 29 1 121 18 1 301 8 35 679
Physiology 1,494 34 2 148 25 1 351 16 43 874
Zoology 46 2 0 0 0 0 32 0 5 7
Biosciences nec 3,216 104 5 247 33 1 755 32 164 1,875
Communication 86 1 0 10 2 1 22 0 8 42
Computer sciences 914 12 3 70 9 2 183 9 40 586
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences 2,104 58 7 120 18 6 792 29 109 965
Atmospheric sciences 254 5 2 9 5 0 64 6 2 161
Geosciences 688 15 4 29 6 1 235 7 34 357
Ocean sciences 429 19 1 24 2 3 178 7 22 173
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences nec 733 19 0 58 5 2 315 9 51 274
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences 116 6 0 10 5 0 56 1 7 31
Mathematics and statistics 1,005 17 1 50 10 1 293 8 51 574
Mathematics and applied mathematics 887 15 1 41 10 1 272 6 49 492
Statistics 118 2 0 9 0 0 21 2 2 82
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies 1,095 17 0 75 24 1 399 7 64 508
Neurobiology and neuroscience 2,071 70 2 177 29 1 601 14 109 1,068
Physical sciences 7,269 107 12 501 77 14 1,652 60 355 4,491
Astronomy and astrophysics 440 11 0 21 8 2 138 5 37 218
Chemistry 3,742 58 9 280 52 6 775 19 164 2,379
Physics 2,819 34 3 184 15 6 631 35 140 1,771
Physical sciences nec 268 4 0 16 2 0 108 1 14 123
Psychology 1,177 45 2 75 35 1 589 6 66 358
Clinical psychology 76 3 0 5 3 1 49 1 4 10
Psychology, general 721 28 1 36 18 0 345 4 45 244
Psychology nec 380 14 1 34 14 0 195 1 17 104
Social sciences 1,193 51 14 71 49 5 507 25 86 385
Agricultural economics 64 1 1 4 3 0 21 4 0 30
Anthropology 152 5 1 6 4 0 87 3 10 36
Economics (except agricultural) 89 3 0 4 1 1 18 0 4 58
Geography 99 2 1 9 1 0 39 1 4 42
History and philosophy of science 11 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 6
Linguistics 38 1 0 3 1 0 12 0 6 15
Political science and government 319 12 1 19 13 0 145 10 26 93
Sociology 112 5 7 7 9 0 50 1 6 27
Sociology and anthropology 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0
Social sciences nec 306 22 3 19 17 4 130 6 27 78
Engineering 7,796 111 5 641 60 12 1,401 65 295 5,206
Aerospace engineering 201 6 1 17 2 0 47 1 7 120
Agricultural engineering 165 1 1 22 0 2 28 3 3 105
Architecture 16 2 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 8
Biomedical engineering 1,278 22 1 153 11 0 313 5 38 735
Chemical engineering 1,218 25 2 111 6 0 204 14 38 818
Civil engineering 706 15 0 64 10 0 155 0 26 436
Electrical engineering 1,186 9 0 68 10 1 163 6 57 872
Engineering science, mechanics, and physics 284 2 0 10 1 0 62 0 10 199
Industrial and manufacturing engineering 130 1 0 7 1 0 25 3 2 91
Mechanical engineering 1,080 13 0 83 7 2 199 14 39 723
Metallurgical and materials engineering 882 8 0 65 9 7 117 9 19 648
Mining engineering 10 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 6
Nuclear engineering 100 0 0 3 1 0 18 0 2 76
Petroleum engineering 72 0 0 3 0 0 5 0 1 63
Engineering nec 468 6 0 34 2 0 58 10 52 306
Health 18,975 560 57 2,088 440 49 5,353 198 860 9,370
Clinical medicine 16,165 483 45 1,832 361 37 4,567 132 729 7,979
Anesthesiology 424 9 0 30 8 1 93 6 40 237
Cardiovascular science 716 15 0 85 11 0 169 3 13 420
Endocrinology 355 8 1 29 10 0 107 3 14 183
Gastroenterology 304 4 0 39 5 0 80 2 3 171
Hematology 316 4 2 26 5 0 80 2 10 187
Neurology 1,027 36 3 123 12 1 327 9 48 468
Obstetrics and gynecology 297 11 1 26 12 0 87 0 9 151
Oncology and cancer research 2,206 48 3 261 32 1 463 6 26 1,366
Ophthalmology 567 9 1 50 3 0 84 7 6 407
Otorhinolaryngology 207 10 0 27 3 0 57 3 3 104
Pediatrics 1,191 46 3 134 31 2 402 16 55 502
Preventive medicine and community health 796 40 4 86 48 2 302 4 49 261
Psychiatry 1,060 45 6 78 28 1 523 10 78 291
Pulmonary disease 299 8 3 31 9 0 135 1 6 106
Radiology 1,011 21 2 103 11 1 191 4 73 605
Surgery 1,287 37 1 139 28 1 309 14 87 671
Clinical medicine nec 4,102 132 15 565 105 27 1,158 42 209 1,849
Other health 2,810 77 12 256 79 12 786 66 131 1,391
Communication disorders sciences 77 2 0 10 0 0 39 1 2 23
Dental sciences 287 8 3 39 9 3 55 9 14 147
Nursing science 107 4 1 3 11 0 53 3 8 24
Pharmaceutical sciences 1,007 19 2 96 30 5 200 28 41 586
Veterinary sciences 600 20 3 45 9 3 200 18 47 255
Other health nec 732 24 3 63 20 1 239 7 19 356
nec = not elsewhere classified.
a Ethnicity and race data are available only for U.S. citizens and permanent residents.
NOTE: "Field" refers to the field of the unit that reports postdoctorates to the Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering, 2016.