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Table 51. Doctorate-holding nonfaculty researchers in science, engineering, and health fields in all institutions, by detailed field and sex: 2011–16

Field and sex 2011 2012 2013 2014olda 2014newa 2015 2016
All surveyed fields 21,498 21,908 22,465 23,290 23,706 25,292 25,747
Male 13,105 13,250 13,617 14,099 14,314 15,249 15,437
Female 8,393 8,658 8,848 9,191 9,392 10,043 10,310
Science and engineering 15,675 15,761 16,426 17,027 17,419 18,596 19,095
Male 10,140 10,190 10,504 10,925 11,126 11,865 12,119
Female 5,535 5,571 5,922 6,102 6,293 6,731 6,976
Science 13,363 13,264 13,932 14,283 14,674 15,667 15,940
Male 8,245 8,167 8,534 8,777 8,977 9,568 9,681
Female 5,118 5,097 5,398 5,506 5,697 6,099 6,259
Agricultural sciences 581 567 550 609 616 747 767
Male 356 351 321 347 352 438 445
Female 225 216 229 262 264 309 322
Biological sciences 6,224 6,249 6,527 6,492 6,841 6,948 7,058
Male 3,323 3,326 3,475 3,512 3,687 3,750 3,802
Female 2,901 2,923 3,052 2,980 3,154 3,198 3,256
Anatomy 106 101 81 87 87 52 35
Male 47 51 42 50 50 24 18
Female 59 50 39 37 37 28 17
Biochemistry 652 708 728 708 708 697 701
Male 368 398 403 414 414 406 401
Female 284 310 325 294 294 291 300
Biology 639 598 609 587 587 624 622
Male 373 354 357 331 331 338 342
Female 266 244 252 256 256 286 280
Biometry and epidemiology 322 348 331 324 324 405 332
Male 128 147 145 138 138 177 149
Female 194 201 186 186 186 228 183
Biophysics 30 32 25 57 57 36 36
Male 20 22 17 34 34 24 22
Female 10 10 8 23 23 12 14
Botany and plant biology 216 260 201 236 236 241 258
Male 120 151 113 124 124 133 150
Female 96 109 88 112 112 108 108
Cell and molecular biology 607 627 599 583 611 648 713
Male 338 353 346 344 359 377 413
Female 269 274 253 239 252 271 300
Ecology 67 72 45 52 52 63 70
Male 51 53 38 39 39 47 45
Female 16 19 7 13 13 16 25
Entomology and parasitology 83 80 77 100 100 134 128
Male 56 52 52 69 69 79 75
Female 27 28 25 31 31 55 53
Genetics 312 320 339 402 402 460 504
Male 165 158 188 225 225 254 271
Female 147 162 151 177 177 206 233
Microbiology, immunology, and virology 800 822 802 810 822 797 919
Male 396 412 387 408 415 389 475
Female 404 410 415 402 407 408 444
Nutrition 160 153 155 166 166 188 160
Male 57 56 50 60 60 66 50
Female 103 97 105 106 106 122 110
Pathology 438 445 504 506 506 444 443
Male 233 237 271 251 251 232 218
Female 205 208 233 255 255 212 225
Pharmacology and toxicology 515 431 459 422 427 399 339
Male 255 209 236 222 226 213 198
Female 260 222 223 200 201 186 141
Physiology 532 479 556 490 507 533 623
Male 288 244 305 264 275 288 321
Female 244 235 251 226 232 245 302
Zoology 18 18 19 24 24 27 31
Male 7 6 8 12 12 13 14
Female 11 12 11 12 12 14 17
Biosciences nec 727 755 997 938 1,225 1,200 1,144
Male 421 423 517 527 665 690 640
Female 306 332 480 411 560 510 504
Communication 17 14 34 34 34 31 29
Male 10 10 14 17 17 17 11
Female 7 4 20 17 17 14 18
Computer sciences 326 349 459 450 450 459 470
Male 272 290 369 359 359 348 345
Female 54 59 90 91 91 111 125
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences 1,625 1,513 1,518 1,499 1,500 1,754 1,635
Male 1,194 1,127 1,116 1,078 1,079 1,239 1,171
Female 431 386 402 421 421 515 464
Atmospheric sciences 310 319 291 325 325 323 350
Male 237 242 223 247 247 237 247
Female 73 77 68 78 78 86 103
Geosciences 529 523 594 571 571 598 589
Male 406 413 452 425 425 431 441
Female 123 110 142 146 146 167 148
Ocean sciences 405 334 310 314 315 405 299
Male 257 215 193 182 183 244 186
Female 148 119 117 132 132 161 113
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences nec 381 337 323 289 289 428 397
Male 294 257 248 224 224 327 297
Female 87 80 75 65 65 101 100
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences 101 43 43 57 59 74 120
Male 20 11 7 18 19 15 26
Female 81 32 36 39 40 59 94
Mathematics and statistics 174 209 224 221 221 235 213
Male 121 130 164 172 172 176 157
Female 53 79 60 49 49 59 56
Mathematics and applied mathematics 162 190 202 195 195 188 183
Male 112 120 152 153 153 148 138
Female 50 70 50 42 42 40 45
Statistics 12 19 22 26 26 47 30
Male 9 10 12 19 19 28 19
Female 3 9 10 7 7 19 11
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies 509 497 538 658 661 630 727
Male 335 328 370 455 455 434 493
Female 174 169 168 203 206 196 234
Neurobiology and neuroscience 378 356 417 650 666 718 760
Male 201 201 238 326 336 372 393
Female 177 155 179 324 330 346 367
Physical sciences 2,322 2,296 2,312 2,433 2,445 2,701 2,735
Male 1,853 1,820 1,848 1,947 1,954 2,161 2,173
Female 469 476 464 486 491 540 562
Astronomy and astrophysics 381 380 386 416 416 422 487
Male 314 308 306 337 337 325 382
Female 67 72 80 79 79 97 105
Chemistry 997 911 871 928 940 902 881
Male 738 670 638 679 686 665 638
Female 259 241 233 249 254 237 243
Physics 857 916 959 1,003 1,003 1,099 1,293
Male 732 770 823 862 862 930 1,099
Female 125 146 136 141 141 169 194
Physical sciences nec 87 89 96 86 86 278 74
Male 69 72 81 69 69 241 54
Female 18 17 15 17 17 37 20
Psychology 434 431 457 411 411 472 456
Male 174 164 177 157 157 182 182
Female 260 267 280 254 254 290 274
Clinical psychology 21 17 31 23 23 40 50
Male 7 1 7 6 6 9 11
Female 14 16 24 17 17 31 39
Psychology, general 219 230 242 219 219 213 226
Male 93 98 102 90 90 89 98
Female 126 132 140 129 129 124 128
Psychology nec 194 184 184 169 169 219 180
Male 74 65 68 61 61 84 73
Female 120 119 116 108 108 135 107
Social sciences 672 740 853 769 770 898 970
Male 386 409 435 389 390 436 483
Female 286 331 418 380 380 462 487
Agricultural economics 22 21 25 29 29 44 42
Male 15 15 17 16 16 26 26
Female 7 6 8 13 13 18 16
Anthropology 81 101 103 90 90 77 82
Male 48 54 57 50 50 39 44
Female 33 47 46 40 40 38 38
Economics (except agricultural) 61 62 56 66 66 72 110
Male 44 45 40 44 44 48 70
Female 17 17 16 22 22 24 40
Geography 49 61 53 54 54 48 46
Male 31 41 32 40 40 35 28
Female 18 20 21 14 14 13 18
History and philosophy of science 15 18 12 9 9 11 11
Male 8 8 5 5 5 8 8
Female 7 10 7 4 4 3 3
Linguistics 13 13 18 12 12 20 17
Male 4 6 6 3 3 6 5
Female 9 7 12 9 9 14 12
Political science and government 221 229 309 285 285 338 345
Male 132 122 157 132 132 143 157
Female 89 107 152 153 153 195 188
Sociology 66 69 53 56 56 76 81
Male 35 28 22 20 20 33 27
Female 31 41 31 36 36 43 54
Sociology and anthropology 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Male 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Female 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Social sciences nec 144 165 223 168 169 212 236
Male 69 89 98 79 80 98 118
Female 75 76 125 89 89 114 118
Engineering 2,312 2,497 2,494 2,744 2,745 2,929 3,155
Male 1,895 2,023 1,970 2,148 2,149 2,297 2,438
Female 417 474 524 596 596 632 717
Aerospace engineering 35 49 40 43 43 67 77
Male 34 45 36 33 33 59 71
Female 1 4 4 10 10 8 6
Agricultural engineering 62 65 50 55 55 70 55
Male 43 46 30 37 37 48 38
Female 19 19 20 18 18 22 17
Architecture 11 11 10 5 5 6 30
Male 9 8 6 4 4 5 19
Female 2 3 4 1 1 1 11
Biomedical engineering 247 295 238 322 322 289 311
Male 168 194 154 211 211 179 203
Female 79 101 84 111 111 110 108
Chemical engineering 204 211 264 276 276 264 297
Male 165 167 196 207 207 195 216
Female 39 44 68 69 69 69 81
Civil engineering 278 298 296 313 313 364 420
Male 210 221 234 244 244 280 316
Female 68 77 62 69 69 84 104
Electrical engineering 406 405 431 459 459 492 560
Male 354 350 366 383 383 413 465
Female 52 55 65 76 76 79 95
Engineering science, mechanics, and physics 119 170 157 192 192 184 188
Male 93 139 117 144 144 147 141
Female 26 31 40 48 48 37 47
Industrial and manufacturing engineering 87 70 77 90 90 150 162
Male 71 61 62 76 76 123 138
Female 16 9 15 14 14 27 24
Mechanical engineering 318 389 403 437 438 425 393
Male 289 348 352 371 372 372 337
Female 29 41 51 66 66 53 56
Metallurgical and materials engineering 233 245 273 279 279 295 353
Male 197 203 219 225 225 227 267
Female 36 42 54 54 54 68 86
Mining engineering 4 10 10 8 8 20 23
Male 4 8 6 6 6 17 20
Female 0 2 4 2 2 3 3
Nuclear engineering 44 30 27 34 34 26 29
Male 37 25 21 27 27 20 20
Female 7 5 6 7 7 6 9
Petroleum engineering 36 40 40 63 63 56 57
Male 29 32 31 46 46 42 40
Female 7 8 9 17 17 14 17
Engineering nec 228 209 178 168 168 221 200
Male 192 176 140 134 134 170 147
Female 36 33 38 34 34 51 53
Health 5,823 6,147 6,039 6,263 6,287 6,696 6,652
Male 2,965 3,060 3,113 3,174 3,188 3,384 3,318
Female 2,858 3,087 2,926 3,089 3,099 3,312 3,334
Clinical medicine 4,830 5,074 4,985 5,084 5,098 5,494 5,470
Male 2,480 2,543 2,599 2,594 2,603 2,794 2,719
Female 2,350 2,531 2,386 2,490 2,495 2,700 2,751
Anesthesiology 140 138 128 143 143 128 139
Male 71 71 71 76 76 73 70
Female 69 67 57 67 67 55 69
Cardiovascular science 167 202 221 271 271 314 243
Male 92 102 110 144 144 178 139
Female 75 100 111 127 127 136 104
Endocrinology 87 110 106 118 118 128 110
Male 37 53 45 49 49 60 53
Female 50 57 61 69 69 68 57
Gastroenterology 60 77 92 96 96 87 108
Male 33 37 44 47 47 49 66
Female 27 40 48 49 49 38 42
Hematology 117 110 156 165 165 139 118
Male 62 62 67 77 77 70 57
Female 55 48 89 88 88 69 61
Neurology 205 221 255 329 329 384 351
Male 98 109 125 150 150 181 169
Female 107 112 130 179 179 203 182
Obstetrics and gynecology 80 72 98 121 121 123 129
Male 28 23 33 39 39 39 30
Female 52 49 65 82 82 84 99
Oncology and cancer research 631 665 650 511 511 503 472
Male 344 361 362 274 274 283 247
Female 287 304 288 237 237 220 225
Ophthalmology 206 246 212 231 231 233 241
Male 97 113 107 118 118 120 120
Female 109 133 105 113 113 113 121
Otorhinolaryngology 56 78 93 68 68 65 80
Male 31 35 53 32 32 33 38
Female 25 43 40 36 36 32 42
Pediatrics 533 485 470 420 420 636 608
Male 262 224 218 198 198 299 282
Female 271 261 252 222 222 337 326
Preventive medicine and community health 563 601 508 546 546 628 559
Male 250 249 230 236 236 258 211
Female 313 352 278 310 310 370 348
Psychiatry 218 234 159 169 169 149 185
Male 90 88 71 77 77 63 80
Female 128 146 88 92 92 86 105
Pulmonary disease 96 107 93 99 99 93 139
Male 58 61 53 49 49 44 69
Female 38 46 40 50 50 49 70
Radiology 293 347 343 336 336 373 356
Male 193 229 239 230 230 238 224
Female 100 118 104 106 106 135 132
Surgery 355 429 386 430 430 381 442
Male 218 268 243 269 269 223 262
Female 137 161 143 161 161 158 180
Clinical medicine nec 1,023 952 1,015 1,031 1,045 1,130 1,190
Male 516 458 528 529 538 583 602
Female 507 494 487 502 507 547 588
Other health 993 1,073 1,054 1,179 1,189 1,202 1,182
Male 485 517 514 580 585 590 599
Female 508 556 540 599 604 612 583
Communication disorders sciences 38 37 66 68 68 67 66
Male 16 16 28 29 29 26 29
Female 22 21 38 39 39 41 37
Dental sciences 94 85 72 82 82 93 88
Male 37 38 39 45 45 42 45
Female 57 47 33 37 37 51 43
Nursing science 79 92 53 56 56 40 61
Male 22 24 12 11 11 7 16
Female 57 68 41 45 45 33 45
Pharmaceutical sciences 270 307 307 340 347 378 332
Male 158 186 181 207 210 223 206
Female 112 121 126 133 137 155 126
Veterinary sciences 254 250 267 247 250 312 279
Male 132 116 113 107 109 135 125
Female 122 134 154 140 141 177 154
Other health nec 258 302 289 386 386 312 356
Male 120 137 141 181 181 157 178
Female 138 165 148 205 205 155 178
nec = not elsewhere classified.
a In 2014, the survey frame was updated following a comprehensive frame evaluation study. The study identified potentially eligible but not previously surveyed academic institutions in the United States with master's- or doctorate-granting programs in science, engineering, or health. A total of 151 newly eligible institutions were added, and two private for-profit institutions offering mostly practitioner-based graduate degrees were determined to be ineligible.
NOTE: "Field" refers to the field of the unit that reports doctorate-holding nonfaculty researchers to the Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering.