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Table 52. Doctorate-holding nonfaculty researchers in science, engineering, and health fields in doctorate-granting institutions, by detailed field and sex: 2011–16

Field and sex 2011 2012 2013 2014olda 2014newa 2015 2016
All surveyed fields 21,453 21,872 22,397 23,235 23,642 25,199 25,667
Male 13,069 13,231 13,573 14,062 14,272 15,189 15,382
Female 8,384 8,641 8,824 9,173 9,370 10,010 10,285
Science and engineering 15,637 15,742 16,365 16,980 17,368 18,519 19,039
Male 10,107 10,177 10,464 10,892 11,092 11,816 12,077
Female 5,530 5,565 5,901 6,088 6,276 6,703 6,962
Science 13,337 13,252 13,880 14,245 14,632 15,600 15,894
Male 8,223 8,160 8,502 8,751 8,950 9,529 9,649
Female 5,114 5,092 5,378 5,494 5,682 6,071 6,245
Agricultural sciences 581 567 544 606 613 736 767
Male 356 351 315 345 350 430 445
Female 225 216 229 261 263 306 322
Biological sciences 6,215 6,247 6,515 6,484 6,833 6,929 7,041
Male 3,316 3,324 3,469 3,507 3,682 3,740 3,792
Female 2,899 2,923 3,046 2,977 3,151 3,189 3,249
Anatomy 106 101 81 87 87 52 35
Male 47 51 42 50 50 24 18
Female 59 50 39 37 37 28 17
Biochemistry 651 706 728 707 707 695 696
Male 367 396 403 413 413 404 398
Female 284 310 325 294 294 291 298
Biology 638 598 600 582 582 619 612
Male 372 354 353 328 328 336 336
Female 266 244 247 254 254 283 276
Biometry and epidemiology 322 348 331 324 324 405 332
Male 128 147 145 138 138 177 149
Female 194 201 186 186 186 228 183
Biophysics 30 32 25 57 57 36 36
Male 20 22 17 34 34 24 22
Female 10 10 8 23 23 12 14
Botany and plant biology 216 260 201 236 236 241 258
Male 120 151 113 124 124 133 150
Female 96 109 88 112 112 108 108
Cell and molecular biology 600 627 599 582 610 647 712
Male 333 353 346 344 359 377 413
Female 267 274 253 238 251 270 299
Ecology 67 72 45 52 52 63 70
Male 51 53 38 39 39 47 45
Female 16 19 7 13 13 16 25
Entomology and parasitology 83 80 77 100 100 134 128
Male 56 52 52 69 69 79 75
Female 27 28 25 31 31 55 53
Genetics 312 320 339 402 402 460 504
Male 165 158 188 225 225 254 271
Female 147 162 151 177 177 206 233
Microbiology, immunology, and virology 800 822 802 810 822 795 919
Male 396 412 387 408 415 388 475
Female 404 410 415 402 407 407 444
Nutrition 160 153 155 166 166 188 160
Male 57 56 50 60 60 66 50
Female 103 97 105 106 106 122 110
Pathology 438 445 504 506 506 444 443
Male 233 237 271 251 251 232 218
Female 205 208 233 255 255 212 225
Pharmacology and toxicology 515 431 459 422 427 399 339
Male 255 209 236 222 226 213 198
Female 260 222 223 200 201 186 141
Physiology 532 479 555 489 506 532 622
Male 288 244 304 263 274 287 320
Female 244 235 251 226 232 245 302
Zoology 18 18 19 24 24 27 31
Male 7 6 8 12 12 13 14
Female 11 12 11 12 12 14 17
Biosciences nec 727 755 995 938 1,225 1,192 1,144
Male 421 423 516 527 665 686 640
Female 306 332 479 411 560 506 504
Communication 15 14 34 31 31 30 28
Male 8 10 14 14 14 16 10
Female 7 4 20 17 17 14 18
Computer sciences 326 349 458 445 445 458 469
Male 272 290 368 356 356 348 344
Female 54 59 90 89 89 110 125
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences 1,620 1,509 1,509 1,498 1,498 1,748 1,626
Male 1,189 1,125 1,110 1,077 1,077 1,235 1,165
Female 431 384 399 421 421 513 461
Atmospheric sciences 310 318 291 325 325 323 350
Male 237 242 223 247 247 237 247
Female 73 76 68 78 78 86 103
Geosciences 528 522 585 570 570 598 589
Male 405 413 446 424 424 431 441
Female 123 109 139 146 146 167 148
Ocean sciences 401 332 310 314 314 399 290
Male 253 213 193 182 182 240 180
Female 148 119 117 132 132 159 110
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences nec 381 337 323 289 289 428 397
Male 294 257 248 224 224 327 297
Female 87 80 75 65 65 101 100
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences 101 43 43 57 59 74 120
Male 20 11 7 18 19 15 26
Female 81 32 36 39 40 59 94
Mathematics and statistics 174 209 224 221 221 235 213
Male 121 130 164 172 172 176 157
Female 53 79 60 49 49 59 56
Mathematics and applied mathematics 162 190 202 195 195 188 183
Male 112 120 152 153 153 148 138
Female 50 70 50 42 42 40 45
Statistics 12 19 22 26 26 47 30
Male 9 10 12 19 19 28 19
Female 3 9 10 7 7 19 11
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies 509 497 537 658 658 621 726
Male 335 328 369 455 455 429 493
Female 174 169 168 203 203 192 233
Neurobiology and neuroscience 378 356 417 649 665 717 759
Male 201 201 238 326 336 371 392
Female 177 155 179 323 329 346 367
Physical sciences 2,320 2,294 2,302 2,420 2,432 2,692 2,725
Male 1,851 1,818 1,839 1,936 1,943 2,154 2,164
Female 469 476 463 484 489 538 561
Astronomy and astrophysics 381 380 386 414 414 421 486
Male 314 308 306 336 336 324 381
Female 67 72 80 78 78 97 105
Chemistry 997 910 869 920 932 894 873
Male 738 669 637 672 679 659 631
Female 259 241 232 248 253 235 242
Physics 855 915 951 1,000 1,000 1,099 1,292
Male 730 769 815 859 859 930 1,098
Female 125 146 136 141 141 169 194
Physical sciences nec 87 89 96 86 86 278 74
Male 69 72 81 69 69 241 54
Female 18 17 15 17 17 37 20
Psychology 432 430 448 410 410 471 455
Male 172 164 174 157 157 182 182
Female 260 266 274 253 253 289 273
Clinical psychology 21 17 31 23 23 39 49
Male 7 1 7 6 6 9 11
Female 14 16 24 17 17 30 38
Psychology, general 217 229 233 218 218 213 226
Male 91 98 99 90 90 89 98
Female 126 131 134 128 128 124 128
Psychology nec 194 184 184 169 169 219 180
Male 74 65 68 61 61 84 73
Female 120 119 116 108 108 135 107
Social sciences 666 737 849 766 767 889 965
Male 382 408 435 388 389 433 479
Female 284 329 414 378 378 456 486
Agricultural economics 22 21 25 29 29 44 42
Male 15 15 17 16 16 26 26
Female 7 6 8 13 13 18 16
Anthropology 81 101 103 90 90 77 82
Male 48 54 57 50 50 39 44
Female 33 47 46 40 40 38 38
Economics (except agricultural) 56 61 56 66 66 71 110
Male 40 45 40 44 44 47 70
Female 16 16 16 22 22 24 40
Geography 49 61 52 54 54 48 45
Male 31 41 32 40 40 35 27
Female 18 20 20 14 14 13 18
History and philosophy of science 15 18 12 9 9 11 11
Male 8 8 5 5 5 8 8
Female 7 10 7 4 4 3 3
Linguistics 13 13 17 12 12 18 17
Male 4 6 6 3 3 6 5
Female 9 7 11 9 9 12 12
Political science and government 221 229 309 283 283 333 342
Male 132 122 157 131 131 141 155
Female 89 107 152 152 152 192 187
Sociology 66 69 53 56 56 75 81
Male 35 28 22 20 20 33 27
Female 31 41 31 36 36 42 54
Sociology and anthropology 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Male 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Female 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Social sciences nec 143 163 221 167 168 212 235
Male 69 88 98 79 80 98 117
Female 74 75 123 88 88 114 118
Engineering 2,300 2,490 2,485 2,735 2,736 2,919 3,145
Male 1,884 2,017 1,962 2,141 2,142 2,287 2,428
Female 416 473 523 594 594 632 717
Aerospace engineering 35 49 40 43 43 67 77
Male 34 45 36 33 33 59 71
Female 1 4 4 10 10 8 6
Agricultural engineering 62 65 50 55 55 70 55
Male 43 46 30 37 37 48 38
Female 19 19 20 18 18 22 17
Architecture 11 11 10 5 5 6 30
Male 9 8 6 4 4 5 19
Female 2 3 4 1 1 1 11
Biomedical engineering 247 295 238 322 322 289 310
Male 168 194 154 211 211 179 202
Female 79 101 84 111 111 110 108
Chemical engineering 204 211 264 276 276 264 297
Male 165 167 196 207 207 195 216
Female 39 44 68 69 69 69 81
Civil engineering 274 298 295 310 310 361 420
Male 206 221 233 243 243 277 316
Female 68 77 62 67 67 84 104
Electrical engineering 406 405 429 459 459 491 560
Male 354 350 365 383 383 412 465
Female 52 55 64 76 76 79 95
Engineering science, mechanics, and physics 119 170 157 192 192 184 188
Male 93 139 117 144 144 147 141
Female 26 31 40 48 48 37 47
Industrial and manufacturing engineering 87 70 77 90 90 150 162
Male 71 61 62 76 76 123 138
Female 16 9 15 14 14 27 24
Mechanical engineering 318 389 403 437 438 425 393
Male 289 348 352 371 372 372 337
Female 29 41 51 66 66 53 56
Metallurgical and materials engineering 225 238 267 273 273 289 344
Male 190 197 213 219 219 221 258
Female 35 41 54 54 54 68 86
Mining engineering 4 10 10 8 8 20 23
Male 4 8 6 6 6 17 20
Female 0 2 4 2 2 3 3
Nuclear engineering 44 30 27 34 34 26 29
Male 37 25 21 27 27 20 20
Female 7 5 6 7 7 6 9
Petroleum engineering 36 40 40 63 63 56 57
Male 29 32 31 46 46 42 40
Female 7 8 9 17 17 14 17
Engineering nec 228 209 178 168 168 221 200
Male 192 176 140 134 134 170 147
Female 36 33 38 34 34 51 53
Health 5,816 6,130 6,032 6,255 6,274 6,680 6,628
Male 2,962 3,054 3,109 3,170 3,180 3,373 3,305
Female 2,854 3,076 2,923 3,085 3,094 3,307 3,323
Clinical medicine 4,827 5,070 4,983 5,082 5,096 5,491 5,458
Male 2,479 2,542 2,598 2,594 2,603 2,792 2,714
Female 2,348 2,528 2,385 2,488 2,493 2,699 2,744
Anesthesiology 140 138 128 143 143 128 139
Male 71 71 71 76 76 73 70
Female 69 67 57 67 67 55 69
Cardiovascular science 167 202 221 271 271 314 243
Male 92 102 110 144 144 178 139
Female 75 100 111 127 127 136 104
Endocrinology 87 110 104 118 118 127 109
Male 37 53 44 49 49 60 53
Female 50 57 60 69 69 67 56
Gastroenterology 60 77 92 96 96 87 108
Male 33 37 44 47 47 49 66
Female 27 40 48 49 49 38 42
Hematology 117 110 156 165 165 139 118
Male 62 62 67 77 77 70 57
Female 55 48 89 88 88 69 61
Neurology 205 221 255 329 329 384 351
Male 98 109 125 150 150 181 169
Female 107 112 130 179 179 203 182
Obstetrics and gynecology 80 72 98 121 121 123 129
Male 28 23 33 39 39 39 30
Female 52 49 65 82 82 84 99
Oncology and cancer research 629 661 650 509 509 502 469
Male 343 360 362 274 274 282 245
Female 286 301 288 235 235 220 224
Ophthalmology 206 246 212 231 231 233 241
Male 97 113 107 118 118 120 120
Female 109 133 105 113 113 113 121
Otorhinolaryngology 56 78 93 68 68 65 80
Male 31 35 53 32 32 33 38
Female 25 43 40 36 36 32 42
Pediatrics 533 485 470 420 420 636 608
Male 262 224 218 198 198 299 282
Female 271 261 252 222 222 337 326
Preventive medicine and community health 562 601 508 546 546 627 559
Male 250 249 230 236 236 257 211
Female 312 352 278 310 310 370 348
Psychiatry 218 234 159 169 169 149 185
Male 90 88 71 77 77 63 80
Female 128 146 88 92 92 86 105
Pulmonary disease 96 107 93 99 99 93 139
Male 58 61 53 49 49 44 69
Female 38 46 40 50 50 49 70
Radiology 293 347 343 336 336 373 356
Male 193 229 239 230 230 238 224
Female 100 118 104 106 106 135 132
Surgery 355 429 386 430 430 381 442
Male 218 268 243 269 269 223 262
Female 137 161 143 161 161 158 180
Clinical medicine nec 1,023 952 1,015 1,031 1,045 1,130 1,182
Male 516 458 528 529 538 583 599
Female 507 494 487 502 507 547 583
Other health 989 1,060 1,049 1,173 1,178 1,189 1,170
Male 483 512 511 576 577 581 591
Female 506 548 538 597 601 608 579
Communication disorders sciences 38 36 66 68 68 67 66
Male 16 16 28 29 29 26 29
Female 22 20 38 39 39 41 37
Dental sciences 94 85 72 82 82 93 88
Male 37 38 39 45 45 42 45
Female 57 47 33 37 37 51 43
Nursing science 79 92 53 56 56 40 61
Male 22 24 12 11 11 7 16
Female 57 68 41 45 45 33 45
Pharmaceutical sciences 266 303 303 338 343 370 324
Male 156 184 178 206 207 217 201
Female 110 119 125 132 136 153 123
Veterinary sciences 254 250 267 247 247 310 277
Male 132 116 113 107 107 134 124
Female 122 134 154 140 140 176 153
Other health nec 258 294 288 382 382 309 354
Male 120 134 141 178 178 155 176
Female 138 160 147 204 204 154 178
nec = not elsewhere classified.
a In 2014, the survey frame was updated following a comprehensive frame evaluation study. The study identified potentially eligible but not previously surveyed academic institutions in the United States with master's- or doctorate-granting programs in science, engineering, or health. A total of 151 newly eligible institutions were added, and two private for-profit institutions offering mostly practitioner-based graduate degrees were determined to be ineligible.
NOTE: "Field" refers to the field of the unit that reports doctorate-holding nonfaculty researchers to the Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering.