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Table 1-3d. Citizenship of graduate students and postdoctoral appointees in health: 1980–2017

Year Graduate students Postdoctoral appointees
Total U.S. citizens and permanent resident Temporary visa holder Total U.S. citizens and permanent resident Temporary visa holder
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
1980 41,478 39,435 95.1 2,043 4.9 4,376 3,283 75.0 1,093 25.0
1981 43,141 40,995 95.0 2,146 5.0 4,863 3,504 72.1 1,359 27.9
1982 43,425 40,405 93.0 3,020 7.0 4,685 3,413 72.8 1,272 27.2
1983 43,466 40,422 93.0 3,044 7.0 5,042 3,716 73.7 1,326 26.3
1984 45,028 42,099 93.5 2,929 6.5 5,353 3,861 72.1 1,492 27.9
1985 46,030 42,880 93.2 3,150 6.8 5,455 3,785 69.4 1,670 30.6
1986 47,538 44,188 93.0 3,350 7.0 5,804 3,921 67.6 1,883 32.4
1987 48,258 44,874 93.0 3,384 7.0 6,066 3,801 62.7 2,265 37.3
1988 49,360 45,717 92.6 3,643 7.4 6,409 3,976 62.0 2,433 38.0
1989 51,836 47,927 92.5 3,909 7.5 7,026 4,178 59.5 2,848 40.5
1990 55,072 50,801 92.2 4,271 7.8 7,762 4,446 57.3 3,316 42.7
1991 58,620 54,041 92.2 4,579 7.8 8,008 4,328 54.0 3,680 46.0
1992 63,005 58,522 92.9 4,483 7.1 8,864 4,616 52.1 4,248 47.9
1993 68,581 63,928 93.2 4,653 6.8 9,657 5,092 52.7 4,565 47.3
1994 73,257 68,826 94.0 4,431 6.0 10,590 5,517 52.1 5,073 47.9
1995 77,174 72,793 94.3 4,381 5.7 9,766 5,319 54.5 4,447 45.5
1996 78,898 74,020 93.8 4,878 6.2 10,538 5,482 52.0 5,056 48.0
1997 79,578 74,659 93.8 4,919 6.2 11,217 6,081 54.2 5,136 45.8
1998 80,771 75,681 93.7 5,090 6.3 12,210 6,744 55.2 5,466 44.8
1999 82,074 76,548 93.3 5,526 6.7 11,820 6,159 52.1 5,661 47.9
2000 79,775 74,243 93.1 5,532 6.9 12,891 6,825 52.9 6,066 47.1
2001 80,378 74,129 92.2 6,249 7.8 13,115 6,306 48.1 6,809 51.9
2002 85,570 78,297 91.5 7,273 8.5 13,097 6,139 46.9 6,958 53.1
2003 92,476 84,924 91.8 7,552 8.2 13,062 6,121 46.9 6,941 53.1
2004 98,590 91,196 92.5 7,394 7.5 13,175 6,187 47.0 6,988 53.0
2005 103,951 96,217 92.6 7,734 7.4 14,099 7,429 52.7 6,670 47.3
2006 111,356 103,022 92.5 8,334 7.5 14,456 7,036 48.7 7,420 51.3
2007olda 105,448 97,109 92.1 8,339 7.9 14,818 7,119 48.0 7,699 52.0
2007newa 103,300 95,203 92.2 8,097 7.8 14,617 6,996 47.9 7,621 52.1
2008 102,214 93,669 91.6 8,545 8.4 15,961 8,641 54.1 7,320 45.9
2009 85,960 77,306 89.9 8,654 10.1 17,001 8,930 52.5 8,071 47.5
2010b,c 76,120 68,089 89.4 8,031 10.6 19,119 9,725 50.9 9,394 49.1
2011c 65,879 58,363 88.6 7,516 11.4 18,518 9,372 50.6 9,146 49.4
2012 65,825 58,354 88.7 7,471 11.3 19,010 9,650 50.8 9,360 49.2
2013 62,710 55,071 87.8 7,639 12.2 18,547 9,289 50.1 9,258 49.9
2014oldd 63,577 55,755 87.7 7,822 12.3 18,903 9,612 50.8 9,291 49.2
2014newd 64,703 56,797 87.8 7,906 12.2 18,970 9,642 50.8 9,328 49.2
2015 67,389 59,322 88.0 8,067 12.0 18,566 9,133 49.2 9,433 50.8
2016 64,336 56,390 87.6 7,946 12.4 18,975 9,605 50.6 9,370 49.4
2017olde 66,934 59,521 88.9 7,413 11.1 19,143 9,732 50.8 9,411 49.2
2017newe 67,963 60,264 88.7 7,699 11.3 18,653 9,467 50.8 9,186 49.2
Master's students
2017newe 52,662 48,595 92.3 4,067 7.7 na na na na na
Doctoral students
2017newe 15,301 11,669 76.3 3,632 23.7 na na na na na
na = not applicable; master's and doctoral students were not reported separately until 2017.
a In 2007, eligible fields were reclassified, newly eligible fields were added, and the survey was redesigned to improve coverage and coding of eligible units. "2007new" presents data as collected in 2007; "2007old" shows data as they would have been collected in prior years. See appendix A in https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf10307/ for more detail.
b In 2010, the postdoctoral (postdoc) and nonfaculty researcher (NFR) section of the survey was expanded and significant effort was made to ensure that appropriate personnel were providing postdoc and NFR data. Thus, it is unclear how much of the increases in 2010 and later years over 2009 and prior years are from growth in postdocs and NFRs and how much are from improved data collection. More information on the changes to the data collection is available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf13334/.
c Postdoc and NFR data from 2010 and 2011 were reimputed following the 2012 data collection; these data supersede those contained in previous reports.
d In 2014, the survey frame was updated following a comprehensive frame evaluation study. The study identified potentially eligible but not previously surveyed academic institutions in the United States with master's- or doctorate-granting programs in science, engineering, or health. A total of 151 newly eligible institutions were added, and two private for-profit institutions offering mostly practitioner-based graduate degrees were determined to be ineligible. For more information, see https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2016/nsf16314.
e As part of 2017 GSS redesign, the GSS taxonomy was changed to align with the NCSES Taxonomy of Disciplines (TOD), thus increasing comparability with other NCSES surveys. As a result, some eligible fields were reclassified and a small number of fields became fully or partially ineligible. Comparisons to prior years should use the 2017old estimates and should be limited to broad areas of study—detailed field comparisons are not recommended.
NOTE: Percentages may not add to total because of rounding.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering.