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Table 2-2. Citizenship, ethnicity, and race of graduate students, postdoctoral appointees, and doctorate-holding nonfaculty researchers in science, engineering, and health fields, by sex: 2018

Citizenship, ethnicity, race, and field Graduate students Postdoctoral appointees Doctorate-holding nonfaculty researchers
All graduate students Master's Doctoral
Total number Percent female Total number Percent female Total number Percent female Total number Percent female Total number Percent female
All surveyed fields 668,307 46.2 391,211 48.5 277,096 43.0 64,783 40.3 29,284 40.3
U.S. citizens and permanent residentsa 438,581 51.4 271,290 53.4 167,291 48.2 29,622 46.2 na na
Hispanic or Latino 49,084 54.9 32,923 56.7 16,161 51.1 1,856 48.9 na na
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native 1,932 59.5 1,219 60.6 713 57.5 81 50.6 na na
Asian 45,307 47.5 28,557 47.3 16,750 47.8 6,020 43.6 na na
Black or African American 35,943 60.3 25,878 60.4 10,065 60.0 1,104 60.1 na na
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 730 56.3 497 55.7 233 57.5 55 50.9 na na
White 265,735 49.9 156,010 52.1 109,725 46.7 17,232 45.9 na na
More than one race 14,864 53.6 9,120 54.7 5,744 51.9 506 50.6 na na
Unknown ethnicity and race 24,986 53.0 17,086 56.3 7,900 45.8 2,768 45.4 na na
Temporary visa holders 229,726 36.4 119,921 37.7 109,805 35.0 35,161 35.4 na na
Science 432,255 49.2 241,327 50.9 190,928 47.1 37,564 39.4 18,278 39.7
U.S. citizens and permanent residentsa 297,277 52.6 171,049 54.1 126,228 50.5 17,447 44.4 na na
Hispanic or Latino 33,894 56.9 21,203 58.7 12,691 53.9 1,038 46.6 na na
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native 1,403 58.9 823 59.7 580 57.8 51 47.1 na na
Asian 28,425 49.2 16,933 47.7 11,492 51.5 3,086 41.9 na na
Black or African American 24,844 60.6 17,560 60.4 7,284 61.0 549 56.8 na na
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 531 56.5 350 54.9 181 59.7 27 55.6 na na
White 180,735 50.9 97,081 52.6 83,654 48.9 10,691 44.2 na na
More than one race 10,346 54.9 5,915 55.4 4,431 54.3 309 51.8 na na
Unknown ethnicity and race 17,099 53.4 11,184 56.4 5,915 47.8 1,696 44.0 na na
Temporary visa holders 134,978 41.9 70,278 43.3 64,700 40.3 20,117 35.1 na na
Agricultural sciences 9,538 54.4 5,658 56.7 3,880 51.0 1,072 41.7 565 42.5
U.S. citizens and permanent residentsa 6,634 56.6 4,599 57.6 2,035 54.3 480 48.8 na na
Hispanic or Latino 601 55.9 457 56.7 144 53.5 39 43.6 na na
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native 34 58.8 22 59.1 12 58.3 2 50.0 na na
Asian 241 65.1 140 65.7 101 64.4 96 43.8 na na
Black or African American 354 60.2 248 62.5 106 54.7 12 33.3 na na
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 14 35.7 11 36.4 3 33.3 0 - na na
White 5,031 56.4 3,472 57.6 1,559 53.6 276 53.3 na na
More than one race 171 52.6 120 53.3 51 51.0 1 0.0 na na
Unknown ethnicity and race 188 51.1 129 46.5 59 61.0 54 42.6 na na
Temporary visa holders 2,904 49.5 1,059 53.1 1,845 47.4 592 36.0 na na
Biological and biomedical sciences 87,933 57.7 35,306 62.5 52,627 54.5 21,533 44.3 8,250 46.4
U.S. citizens and permanent residentsa 69,988 58.0 30,550 62.2 39,438 54.8 9,768 48.2 na na
Hispanic or Latino 7,577 58.4 3,454 63.0 4,123 54.5 612 47.7 na na
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native 260 59.6 103 65.0 157 56.1 19 42.1 na na
Asian 8,108 56.5 3,611 59.0 4,497 54.5 1,979 45.5 na na
Black or African American 4,923 66.9 2,827 68.5 2,096 64.7 297 61.3 na na
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 167 52.7 98 51.0 69 55.1 16 50.0 na na
White 42,825 57.1 17,358 61.5 25,467 54.1 5,834 48.2 na na
More than one race 2,450 59.6 1,093 62.2 1,357 57.6 172 53.5 na na
Unknown ethnicity and race 3,678 59.4 2,006 64.5 1,672 53.3 839 49.2 na na
Temporary visa holders 17,945 56.6 4,756 64.4 13,189 53.7 11,765 41.0 na na
Computer and information sciences 93,478 30.6 77,351 31.6 16,127 25.5 879 20.6 515 25.8
U.S. citizens and permanent residentsa 42,467 26.9 36,517 27.2 5,950 25.3 337 26.1 na na
Hispanic or Latino 3,694 24.6 3,320 24.9 374 22.2 8 25.0 na na
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native 102 29.4 90 27.8 12 41.7 1 0.0 na na
Asian 7,917 31.5 7,015 31.8 902 29.2 82 25.6 na na
Black or African American 4,946 36.3 4,558 36.4 388 34.3 22 40.9 na na
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 70 35.7 58 31.0 12 58.3 0 - na na
White 21,569 22.6 17,940 22.4 3,629 23.4 177 26.6 na na
More than one race 1,433 29.6 1,215 30.5 218 24.3 7 28.6 na na
Unknown ethnicity and race 2,736 32.2 2,321 33.1 415 27.0 40 17.5 na na
Temporary visa holders 51,011 33.6 40,834 35.6 10,177 25.6 542 17.2 na na
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences 12,333 45.5 5,629 45.2 6,704 45.7 1,726 37.8 2,106 32.4
U.S. citizens and permanent residentsa 9,652 47.9 5,097 45.7 4,555 50.3 899 43.5 na na
Hispanic or Latino 831 53.1 454 50.7 377 56.0 47 57.4 na na
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native 49 42.9 28 35.7 21 52.4 7 71.4 na na
Asian 382 53.9 164 50.0 218 56.9 100 39.0 na na
Black or African American 240 50.0 140 47.9 100 53.0 20 35.0 na na
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 7 42.9 7 42.9 0 - 3 33.3 na na
White 7,352 46.5 3,926 44.7 3,426 48.6 599 41.7 na na
More than one race 350 59.4 167 53.3 183 65.0 29 55.2 na na
Unknown ethnicity and race 441 45.8 211 44.5 230 47.0 94 48.9 na na
Temporary visa holders 2,681 37.0 532 40.4 2,149 36.2 827 31.7 na na
Mathematics and statistics 31,461 37.4 18,073 43.5 13,388 29.2 982 23.3 266 25.2
U.S. citizens and permanent residentsa 15,317 33.2 8,650 38.3 6,667 26.7 455 22.4 na na
Hispanic or Latino 1,478 32.6 958 36.4 520 25.6 22 40.9 na na
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native 57 45.6 43 51.2 14 28.6 0 - na na
Asian 2,161 40.3 1,398 45.4 763 31.1 61 27.9 na na
Black or African American 676 40.1 461 44.5 215 30.7 11 36.4 na na
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 9 55.6 6 50.0 3 66.7 0 - na na
White 9,508 31.4 4,951 36.0 4,557 26.4 309 18.8 na na
More than one race 472 29.0 240 34.2 232 23.7 10 0.0 na na
Unknown ethnicity and race 956 32.6 593 39.1 363 22.0 42 33.3 na na
Temporary visa holders 16,144 41.3 9,423 48.3 6,721 31.6 527 24.1 na na
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies 10,338 53.0 7,414 53.6 2,924 51.4 980 41.8 832 33.8
U.S. citizens and permanent residentsa 7,620 54.0 5,478 54.5 2,142 52.8 554 46.8 na na
Hispanic or Latino 838 57.0 654 58.4 184 52.2 31 35.5 na na
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native 31 51.6 22 50.0 9 55.6 3 0.0 na na
Asian 833 53.2 641 52.4 192 55.7 68 39.7 na na
Black or African American 709 60.6 554 60.5 155 61.3 28 60.7 na na
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 22 63.6 17 70.6 5 40.0 0 - na na
White 4,582 52.4 3,149 52.9 1,433 51.4 371 45.8 na na
More than one race 273 56.8 207 55.1 66 62.1 5 80.0 na na
Unknown ethnicity and race 332 52.7 234 54.3 98 49.0 48 62.5 na na
Temporary visa holders 2,718 50.1 1,936 51.1 782 47.7 426 35.4 na na
Natural resources and conservation 11,407 54.8 7,691 55.9 3,716 52.6 764 42.8 580 36.2
U.S. citizens and permanent residentsa 9,709 55.8 6,951 56.1 2,758 55.2 474 45.4 na na
Hispanic or Latino 902 60.5 671 61.0 231 59.3 17 41.2 na na
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native 97 59.8 73 54.8 24 75.0 2 0.0 na na
Asian 337 59.9 217 57.6 120 64.2 43 39.5 na na
Black or African American 364 58.2 219 55.7 145 62.1 5 40.0 na na
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 22 59.1 21 61.9 1 0.0 2 0.0 na na
White 7,095 54.4 5,148 55.0 1,947 52.9 331 45.9 na na
More than one race 349 63.9 255 64.3 94 62.8 10 40.0 na na
Unknown ethnicity and race 543 56.4 347 56.2 196 56.6 64 51.6 na na
Temporary visa holders 1,698 49.3 740 54.9 958 45.0 290 38.6 na na
Physical sciences 42,075 33.8 6,075 38.3 36,000 33.0 6,976 22.4 3,056 20.2
U.S. citizens and permanent residentsa 25,614 34.0 4,326 39.0 21,288 33.0 2,646 25.5 na na
Hispanic or Latino 2,540 36.2 612 37.9 1,928 35.7 126 29.4 na na
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native 78 33.3 24 45.8 54 27.8 4 25.0 na na
Asian 2,277 40.2 378 44.2 1,899 39.4 498 24.9 na na
Black or African American 1,007 46.5 327 56.6 680 41.6 60 31.7 na na
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 22 45.5 9 33.3 13 53.8 2 100.0 na na
White 17,737 32.3 2,603 37.0 15,134 31.5 1,601 24.9 na na
More than one race 853 34.1 161 32.3 692 34.5 40 40.0 na na
Unknown ethnicity and race 1,100 31.0 212 35.4 888 30.0 315 24.8 na na
Temporary visa holders 16,461 33.5 1,749 36.4 14,712 33.1 4,330 20.5 na na
Psychology 55,707 76.8 35,404 79.5 20,303 72.1 1,145 58.3 507 61.9
U.S. citizens and permanent residentsa 52,365 77.0 33,909 79.6 18,456 72.2 833 59.9 na na
Hispanic or Latino 8,303 78.7 5,789 81.2 2,514 73.1 67 53.7 na na
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native 258 76.7 159 81.8 99 68.7 1 100.0 na na
Asian 2,731 76.5 1,525 77.7 1,206 75.0 72 68.1 na na
Black or African American 5,431 79.3 3,989 81.1 1,442 74.4 21 76.2 na na
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 101 81.2 68 80.9 33 81.8 0 - na na
White 30,089 76.1 18,423 79.1 11,666 71.5 582 59.3 na na
More than one race 1,885 75.4 1,155 76.5 730 73.7 11 81.8 na na
Unknown ethnicity and race 3,567 77.7 2,801 79.3 766 71.7 79 54.4 na na
Temporary visa holders 3,342 74.1 1,495 78.3 1,847 70.7 312 53.8 na na
Social sciences 77,985 54.1 42,726 56.2 35,259 51.5 1,507 53.1 1,601 55.0
U.S. citizens and permanent residentsa 57,911 55.6 34,972 56.3 22,939 54.5 1,001 58.3 na na
Hispanic or Latino 7,130 59.2 4,834 59.9 2,296 57.8 69 66.7 na na
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native 437 63.2 259 62.5 178 64.0 12 66.7 na na
Asian 3,438 59.0 1,844 59.2 1,594 58.8 87 64.4 na na
Black or African American 6,194 63.6 4,237 63.8 1,957 63.3 73 71.2 na na
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 97 56.7 55 56.4 42 57.1 4 100.0 na na
White 34,947 53.1 20,111 53.7 14,836 52.2 611 56.0 na na
More than one race 2,110 60.1 1,302 59.6 808 61.0 24 70.8 na na
Unknown ethnicity and race 3,558 52.4 2,330 53.1 1,228 51.0 121 48.8 na na
Temporary visa holders 20,074 49.7 7,754 55.9 12,320 45.9 506 42.7 na na
Engineering 163,301 25.3 93,064 24.7 70,237 26.1 7,914 23.6 3,570 23.0
U.S. citizens and permanent residentsa 76,770 25.2 47,813 23.2 28,957 28.4 2,656 28.5 na na
Hispanic or Latino 7,939 26.2 5,436 24.6 2,503 29.7 127 29.9 na na
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native 211 32.7 140 32.1 71 33.8 4 25.0 na na
Asian 10,863 29.2 6,758 27.5 4,105 32.1 690 25.4 na na
Black or African American 4,035 29.8 2,618 26.1 1,417 36.5 77 40.3 na na
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 75 30.7 45 24.4 30 40.0 1 0.0 na na
White 47,447 23.5 28,993 21.6 18,454 26.4 1,415 29.1 na na
More than one race 2,460 29.8 1,519 26.4 941 35.4 35 25.7 na na
Unknown ethnicity and race 3,740 24.2 2,304 22.0 1,436 27.6 307 29.6 na na
Temporary visa holders 86,531 25.5 45,251 26.3 41,280 24.5 5,258 21.1 na na
Health 72,751 75.3 56,820 77.4 15,931 68.0 19,305 48.9 7,436 50.3
U.S. citizens and permanent residentsa 64,534 77.2 52,428 78.5 12,106 71.6 9,519 54.4 na na
Hispanic or Latino 7,251 76.8 6,284 77.8 967 70.4 691 55.9 na na
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native 318 79.9 256 79.3 62 82.3 26 61.5 na na
Asian 6,019 72.4 4,866 73.8 1,153 66.7 2,244 51.5 na na
Black or African American 7,064 76.6 5,700 76.0 1,364 79.2 478 67.2 na na
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 124 71.0 102 72.5 22 63.6 27 48.1 na na
White 37,553 78.3 29,936 80.1 7,617 71.4 5,126 54.2 na na
More than one race 2,058 75.8 1,686 77.8 372 66.4 162 53.7 na na
Unknown ethnicity and race 4,147 77.1 3,598 77.9 549 71.9 765 54.9 na na
Temporary visa holders 8,217 60.2 4,392 63.5 3,825 56.4 9,786 43.6 na na
Clinical medicineb 32,002 73.9 27,494 74.7 4,508 69.5 16,563 48.5 6,159 49.8
U.S. citizens and permanent residentsa 28,614 75.1 25,044 75.6 3,570 71.8 8,113 53.0 na na
Hispanic or Latino 3,270 73.7 2,868 74.4 402 68.7 595 53.9 na na
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native 178 76.4 154 74.7 24 87.5 23 60.9 na na
Asian 3,293 72.7 2,926 73.0 367 70.0 1,960 51.1 na na
Black or African American 4,238 76.9 3,727 77.1 511 75.5 416 65.4 na na
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 71 77.5 61 75.4 10 90.0 26 46.2 na na
White 13,981 75.1 12,029 75.7 1,952 71.2 4,346 52.7 na na
More than one race 1,096 77.2 955 77.0 141 78.7 137 48.2 na na
Unknown ethnicity and race 2,487 76.4 2,324 76.9 163 69.3 610 53.1 na na
Temporary visa holders 3,388 63.9 2,450 65.1 938 60.7 8,450 44.2 na na
Other health 40,749 76.4 29,326 79.9 11,423 67.4 2,742 51.3 1,277 52.7
U.S. citizens and permanent residentsa 35,920 78.9 27,384 81.2 8,536 71.6 1,406 62.3 na na
Hispanic or Latino 3,981 79.5 3,416 80.7 565 71.7 96 67.7 na na
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native 140 84.3 102 86.3 38 78.9 3 66.7 na na
Asian 2,726 72.1 1,940 74.9 786 65.1 284 54.6 na na
Black or African American 2,826 76.1 1,973 73.8 853 81.4 62 79.0 na na
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 53 62.3 41 68.3 12 41.7 1 100.0 na na
White 23,572 80.2 17,907 83.0 5,665 71.4 780 62.4 na na
More than one race 962 74.1 731 78.9 231 58.9 25 84.0 na na
Unknown ethnicity and race 1,660 78.3 1,274 79.9 386 73.1 155 61.9 na na
Temporary visa holders 4,829 57.6 1,942 61.4 2,887 55.0 1,336 39.7 na na
- = not calculable. na = not applicable; citizenship and race and ethnicity data are not collected for doctorate-holding nonfaculty researchers.
a Ethnicity and race data are available only for U.S. citizens and permanent residents.
b Clinical medicine includes graduate students in public health and clinical medicine not elsewhere classified (nec). Clinical medicine includes postdoctoral appointees and nonfaculty researchers in anesthesiology, cardiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, hematology, neurology, obstetrics and gynecology, oncology and cancer research, ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology, pediatrics, psychiatry, public health, pulmonary disease, radiology, surgery, and clinical medicine nec.
NOTES: "Field" refers to the field of the unit that reports postdoctorates and doctorate-holding nonfaculty researchers to the Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering. Percentages may not add to total because of rounding.
SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering, 2018.