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Table 1. Higher education R&D expenditures, by source of funds: FYs 1953–2016

(Dollars in millions)

Fiscal year All R&D expendituresa Source of funds
Federal government State and local government Institution funds Business All other sourcesb
1953c 255 138 37 35 19 26
1954 290 160 42 38 22 28
1955c 312 169 47 41 25 30
1956c 372 213 53 43 29 34
1957c 410 229 60 49 34 38
1958 456 254 68 53 39 42
1959c 526 306 76 58 39 47
1960c 646 405 85 64 40 52
1961c 763 500 95 70 40 58
1962c 904 613 106 79 40 66
1963c 1,081 760 118 89 41 73
1964 1,275 917 132 103 40 83
1965c 1,474 1,073 143 124 41 93
1966 1,715 1,261 156 148 42 108
1967c 1,921 1,409 164 181 48 119
1968 2,149 1,572 172 218 55 132
1969c 2,225 1,600 197 223 60 145
1970 2,335 1,647 219 243 61 165
1971c 2,500 1,724 255 274 70 177
1972 2,630 1,795 270 305 74 187
1973 2,884 1,985 295 318 84 202
1974 3,023 2,032 307 370 96 218
1975 3,409 2,288 332 417 113 259
1976 3,729 2,512 364 446 123 285
1977 4,067 2,726 374 514 139 314
1978d 4,625 3,059 414 623 170 359
1979 5,366 3,598 472 735 193 368
1980 6,063 4,098 491 835 236 403
1981 6,847 4,571 546 1,004 291 435
1982 7,324 4,768 616 1,111 337 491
1983 7,882 4,989 626 1,302 389 576
1984 8,620 5,431 690 1,411 475 613
1985 9,687 6,064 752 1,617 560 694
1986 10,928 6,712 915 1,869 700 732
1987 12,153 7,343 1,023 2,168 790 828
1988 13,463 8,193 1,106 2,356 872 935
1989 14,979 8,993 1,224 2,698 994 1,071
1990 16,290 9,640 1,324 3,006 1,127 1,191
1991 17,589 10,238 1,474 3,367 1,204 1,307
1992 18,821 11,095 1,491 3,548 1,279 1,409
1993 19,954 11,960 1,559 3,589 1,360 1,486
1994 21,035 12,654 1,555 3,828 1,423 1,575
1995 22,179 13,337 1,690 4,048 1,489 1,614
1996 23,055 13,847 1,812 4,172 1,606 1,619
1997 24,380 14,321 1,910 4,699 1,737 1,712
1998 25,867 15,159 1,945 5,004 1,889 1,871
1999 27,544 16,112 2,022 5,382 2,033 1,995
2000 30,084 17,548 2,200 5,925 2,156 2,255
2001 32,800 19,227 2,320 6,614 2,218 2,422
2002 36,383 21,856 2,504 7,133 2,191 2,698
2003e 41,470 25,307 2,645 7,663 2,161 2,856
2004e 44,839 28,304 2,879 7,752 2,129 2,851
2005e 47,535 29,957 2,940 8,265 2,291 3,092
2006e 49,645 30,909 2,966 9,062 2,401 3,198
2007e 51,590 31,241 3,151 9,718 2,675 3,521
2008e 54,114 32,101 3,438 10,378 2,869 3,916
2009e 57,288 33,443 3,647 11,148 3,197 4,294
2010 61,287 37,478 3,887 11,943 3,202 4,777
2011 65,274 40,768 3,851 12,580 3,183 4,892
2012 65,873 40,217 3,744 13,625 3,279 5,007
2013 67,145 39,510 3,706 14,974 3,515 5,440
2014 67,349 38,031 3,915 15,781 3,733 5,888
2015 68,709 37,911 3,864 16,654 4,008 6,272
2016 71,972 38,861 4,034 18,015 4,216 6,847
S&E = science and engineering.
a Totals for FYs 1953–2002 represent R&D expenditures in S&E fields only. From FY 2003 through FY 2009, some institution totals for all R&D expenditures may be lower-bound estimates because the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics did not attempt to estimate for nonresponse on non-S&E R&D expenditures item prior to FY 2010.
b Prior to FY 2010, R&D expenditures from nonprofit organizations were collected under all other sources. Beginning in FY 2010, these data were collected separately and FY 2016 data included $4,629 million in R&D expenditures from nonprofit sources.
c Data are estimated based on data collected in surrounding years. Between FY 1953 and FY 1971, surveys were only conducted in years FY 1954, FY 1958, FY 1964, FY 1966, FY 1968, and FY 1970.
d FY 1978 data are estimated based on data collected from doctorate-granting institutions only.
e Source of fund detail data do not sum to total for FYs 2003–2009 because data by source were collected for S&E fields only. Total non-S&E expenditures were collected in a separate item.
NOTES: Because of rounding, detail may not add to total.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Higher Education Research and Development Survey.