Table 16. Higher education R&D expenditures, by highest degree granted, institutional control, and type of cost: FYs 2012–16

(Dollars in thousands)

Fiscal year and type of institution	All R&D expenditures	Direct costs								Indirect costs
		Total	Salaries, wages, and fringe benefits	Software purchases			Capitalized equipment	Passed through to subrecipients	Other direct costs	Indirect costs
		Total	Salaries, wages, and fringe benefits	Total	Noncapitalized software	Capitalized software	Capitalized equipment	Passed through to subrecipients	Other direct costs	Total	Recovered	Unrecovered
2012
All institutions	65,729,007	49,897,335	28,339,432	103,495	93,288	10,207	2,040,476	5,531,421	13,882,511	15,831,672	11,222,143	4,609,529
Doctorate	64,700,201	49,022,847	27,906,910	95,627	86,115	9,512	1,995,345	5,469,627	13,555,338	15,677,354	11,125,166	4,552,188
Nondoctorate	1,028,806	874,488	432,522	7,868	7,173	695	45,131	61,794	327,173	154,318	96,977	57,341
Public	44,162,595	34,339,324	19,949,722	83,509	74,897	8,612	1,476,328	3,502,384	9,327,381	9,823,271	6,554,816	3,268,455
Private	21,566,412	15,558,011	8,389,710	19,986	18,391	1,595	564,148	2,029,037	4,555,130	6,008,401	4,667,327	1,341,074
2013
All institutions	67,013,138	51,088,296	28,799,624	107,698	95,664	12,034	2,254,800	5,689,087	14,237,087	15,924,842	11,221,344	4,703,498
Doctorate	66,217,717	50,398,617	28,462,160	102,523	90,658	11,865	2,219,549	5,647,933	13,966,452	15,819,100	11,147,825	4,671,275
Nondoctorate	795,421	689,679	337,464	5,175	5,006	169	35,251	41,154	270,635	105,742	73,519	32,223
Public	44,849,697	35,005,988	20,231,518	85,149	76,518	8,631	1,655,615	3,608,137	9,425,569	9,843,709	6,539,588	3,304,121
Private	22,163,441	16,082,308	8,568,106	22,549	19,146	3,403	599,185	2,080,950	4,811,518	6,081,133	4,681,756	1,399,377
2014
All institutions	67,196,537	51,561,093	29,111,150	97,103	84,855	12,248	2,036,553	5,705,871	14,610,416	15,635,444	10,874,434	4,761,010
Doctorate	66,448,181	50,915,651	28,782,886	91,911	80,207	11,704	2,011,006	5,666,866	14,362,982	15,532,530	10,808,608	4,723,922
Nondoctorate	748,356	645,442	328,264	5,192	4,648	544	25,547	39,005	247,434	102,914	65,826	37,088
Public	44,675,392	35,017,944	20,438,798	74,464	65,044	9,420	1,468,566	3,558,482	9,477,634	9,657,448	6,339,161	3,318,287
Private	22,521,145	16,543,149	8,672,352	22,639	19,811	2,828	567,987	2,147,389	5,132,782	5,977,996	4,535,273	1,442,723
2015
All institutions	68,566,890	52,620,089	29,893,225	117,180	93,254	23,926	2,121,242	5,638,081	14,850,361	15,946,801	11,101,569	4,845,232
Doctorate	67,907,214	52,049,322	29,606,622	111,814	88,126	23,688	2,096,759	5,612,665	14,621,462	15,857,892	11,041,261	4,816,631
Nondoctorate	659,676	570,767	286,603	5,366	5,128	238	24,483	25,416	228,899	88,909	60,308	28,601
Public	45,428,567	35,649,615	20,806,100	93,022	74,467	18,555	1,509,022	3,541,686	9,699,785	9,778,952	6,409,788	3,369,164
Private	23,138,323	16,970,474	9,087,125	24,158	18,787	5,371	612,220	2,096,395	5,150,576	6,167,849	4,691,781	1,476,068
2016
All institutions	71,833,308	55,299,302	31,476,669	113,777	95,247	18,530	2,171,192	5,733,598	15,804,066	16,534,006	11,460,964	5,073,042
Doctorate	70,768,127	54,366,771	31,124,532	108,784	90,715	18,069	2,038,760	5,694,996	15,399,699	16,401,356	11,391,799	5,009,557
Nondoctorate	1,065,181	932,531	352,137	4,993	4,532	461	132,432	38,602	404,367	132,650	69,165	63,485
Public	47,147,814	36,991,418	21,773,123	89,480	74,178	15,302	1,578,451	3,555,996	9,994,368	10,156,396	6,622,726	3,533,670
Private	24,685,494	18,307,884	9,703,546	24,297	21,069	3,228	592,741	2,177,602	5,809,698	6,377,610	4,838,238	1,539,372