Table 16. Higher education R&D expenditures, by highest degree granted, institutional control, and type of cost: FYs 2014–18

(Dollars in thousands)

Fiscal year and type of institution	All R&D expenditures	Direct costs								Indirect costs
		Total	Salaries, wages, and fringe benefits	Software purchases			Capitalized equipment	Passed through to subrecipients	Other direct costs	Indirect costs
		Total	Salaries, wages, and fringe benefits	Total	Noncapitalized software	Capitalized software	Capitalized equipment	Passed through to subrecipients	Other direct costs	Total	Recovered	Unrecovered
2014
All institutions	67,199,417	51,564,825	29,115,966	97,092	84,849	12,243	2,036,627	5,706,343	14,608,797	15,634,592	10,873,585	4,761,007
Doctorate	66,448,181	50,915,651	28,782,886	91,911	80,207	11,704	2,011,006	5,666,866	14,362,982	15,532,530	10,808,608	4,723,922
Nondoctorate	751,236	649,174	333,080	5,181	4,642	539	25,621	39,477	245,815	102,062	64,977	37,085
Public	44,678,272	35,020,267	20,439,977	74,464	65,044	9,420	1,468,645	3,558,954	9,478,227	9,658,005	6,339,721	3,318,284
Private	22,521,145	16,544,558	8,675,989	22,628	19,805	2,823	567,982	2,147,389	5,130,570	5,976,587	4,533,864	1,442,723
2015
All institutions	68,550,653	52,611,887	29,892,332	117,041	93,237	23,804	2,120,197	5,637,277	14,845,040	15,938,766	11,101,511	4,837,255
Doctorate	67,890,977	52,040,747	29,601,580	111,675	88,109	23,566	2,095,638	5,612,657	14,619,197	15,850,230	11,041,576	4,808,654
Nondoctorate	659,676	571,140	290,752	5,366	5,128	238	24,559	24,620	225,843	88,536	59,935	28,601
Public	45,412,330	35,641,244	20,800,559	92,881	74,448	18,433	1,508,981	3,541,678	9,697,145	9,771,086	6,409,899	3,361,187
Private	23,138,323	16,970,643	9,091,773	24,160	18,789	5,371	611,216	2,095,599	5,147,895	6,167,680	4,691,612	1,476,068
2016
All institutions	71,750,973	55,257,474	31,440,795	113,630	95,277	18,353	2,169,599	5,699,627	15,833,823	16,493,499	11,452,346	5,041,153
Doctorate	70,701,278	54,339,518	31,090,982	108,743	90,681	18,062	2,038,998	5,662,049	15,438,746	16,361,760	11,383,675	4,978,085
Nondoctorate	1,049,695	917,956	349,813	4,887	4,596	291	130,601	37,578	395,077	131,739	68,671	63,068
Public	47,088,788	36,944,820	21,734,764	89,496	74,194	15,302	1,578,226	3,519,659	10,022,675	10,143,968	6,622,069	3,521,899
Private	24,662,185	18,312,654	9,706,031	24,134	21,083	3,051	591,373	2,179,968	5,811,148	6,349,531	4,830,277	1,519,254
2017
All institutions	75,184,396	57,910,337	33,244,347	109,751	98,764	10,987	2,190,950	5,915,549	16,449,740	17,274,059	12,054,790	5,219,269
Doctorate	74,477,046	57,286,249	32,927,525	107,347	96,741	10,606	2,163,769	5,884,078	16,203,530	17,190,797	11,998,479	5,192,318
Nondoctorate	707,350	624,088	316,822	2,404	2,023	381	27,181	31,471	246,210	83,262	56,311	26,951
Public	49,282,519	38,659,909	22,910,296	81,704	73,955	7,749	1,551,207	3,659,216	10,457,486	10,622,610	6,979,410	3,643,200
Private	25,901,877	19,250,428	10,334,051	28,047	24,809	3,238	639,743	2,256,333	5,992,254	6,651,449	5,075,380	1,576,069
2018
All institutions	79,285,866	60,985,676	34,766,504	122,475	111,024	11,451	2,145,595	6,344,005	17,607,097	18,300,190	12,764,810	5,535,380
Doctorate	78,618,139	60,403,347	34,456,254	119,992	108,890	11,102	2,121,951	6,313,999	17,391,151	18,214,792	12,704,764	5,510,028
Nondoctorate	667,727	582,329	310,250	2,483	2,134	349	23,644	30,006	215,946	85,398	60,046	25,352
Public	52,138,502	40,840,278	23,839,226	94,930	85,332	9,598	1,519,276	3,939,196	11,447,650	11,298,224	7,384,238	3,913,986
Private	27,147,364	20,145,398	10,927,278	27,545	25,692	1,853	626,319	2,404,809	6,159,447	7,001,966	5,380,572	1,621,394