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Table 9-1. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers at all degree levels, by occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2013
 

Occupation and citizenship status                Sector of employment
Employed scientists and engineers Business/ industry 4-year college/ university Other educational institution Government
Number SE Number SE Number SE Number SE Number SE
All occupations 23,557,000 336,000 16,503,000 254,500 1,868,000 42,500 2,595,000 72,000 2,592,000 57,000
U.S. citizen 22,036,000 316,500 15,322,000 238,500 1,617,000 38,000 2,543,000 71,000 2,554,000 56,500
Native-born 19,316,000 288,000 13,300,000 220,500 1,411,000 36,000 2,353,000 64,000 2,251,000 52,000
Naturalized 2,720,000 54,000 2,023,000 43,000 206,000 11,500 190,000 21,500 303,000 16,500
Non-U.S. citizen 1,521,000 38,000 1,180,000 34,500 251,000 11,500 52,000 8,000 38,000 4,500
Permanent resident 925,000 29,500 754,000 27,000 99,000 5,500 44,000 7,500 28,000 4,000
Temporary resident 596,000 19,500 426,000 17,000 152,000 10,000 8,000 2,000 10,000 1,500
S&E occupations 5,749,000 112,000 4,009,000 87,000 831,000 23,000 210,000 14,000 700,000 23,000
U.S. citizen 5,055,000 103,000 3,521,000 80,000 646,000 18,500 204,000 13,500 682,000 23,000
Native-born 4,290,000 92,000 2,973,000 72,500 553,000 17,500 179,000 11,500 586,000 20,500
Naturalized 764,000 20,000 549,000 16,500 94,000 5,000 26,000 5,500 97,000 7,500
Non-U.S. citizen 695,000 20,000 488,000 17,000 184,000 10,000 5,000 1,500 17,000 2,000
Permanent resident 334,000 13,500 254,000 12,500 67,000 4,000 4,000 1,500 9,000 1,500
Temporary resident 361,000 13,000 234,000 10,500 118,000 9,000 1,000 500 8,000 1,500
Science occupations 4,186,000 85,500 2,747,000 65,000 738,000 21,500 203,000 14,000 497,000 19,500
U.S. citizen 3,635,000 78,500 2,366,000 59,000 588,000 18,000 198,000 14,000 483,000 19,500
Native-born 3,072,000 70,000 1,974,000 54,000 507,000 16,500 173,000 11,500 418,000 17,500
Naturalized 563,000 17,000 392,000 14,000 81,000 5,000 25,000 5,500 66,000 7,000
Non-U.S. citizen 550,000 17,500 381,000 15,500 151,000 9,500 5,000 1,500 14,000 2,000
Permanent resident 263,000 12,000 192,000 11,500 60,000 4,000 4,000 1,500 7,000 1,500
Temporary resident 287,000 12,500 189,000 10,500 91,000 8,500 1,000 500 7,000 1,500
Biological/ agricultural/ other life scientists 638,000 27,500 260,000 15,000 241,000 12,000 20,000 3,000 118,000 9,000
U.S. citizen 536,000 24,000 228,000 14,000 178,000 8,500 19,000 3,000 111,000 9,000
Native-born 459,000 22,000 194,000 13,000 148,000 8,000 17,000 2,500 100,000 9,000
Naturalized 77,000 5,500 33,000 3,500 31,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 11,000 2,000
Non-U.S. citizen 102,000 9,000 32,000 3,500 63,000 8,000 1,000 500 6,000 1,500
Permanent resident 53,000 4,000 23,000 3,000 26,000 2,500 1,000 500 2,000 500
Temporary resident 49,000 8,000 9,000 1,500 36,000 7,500 D D 4,000 1,000
Agricultural/ food scientists 69,000 10,000 44,000 8,000 14,000 2,500 D D 11,000 3,000
U.S. citizen 62,000 9,500 40,000 7,500 11,000 2,500 D D 11,000 3,000
Native-born 55,000 9,000 37,000 7,000 9,000 2,000 D D 9,000 3,000
Naturalized 6,000 1,500 3,000 1,000 2,000 1,000 D D 2,000 1,000
Non-U.S. citizen 7,000 2,500 5,000 2,000 3,000 1,000 D D D D
Permanent resident 5,000 2,000 4,000 2,000 1,000 500 D D D D
Temporary resident 2,000 1,000 S S 2,000 1,000 D D D D
Biological and medical scientists 448,000 22,000 204,000 11,500 156,000 11,500 2,000 1,000 86,000 7,000
U.S. citizen 364,000 18,500 177,000 11,000 105,000 7,500 2,000 1,000 80,000 7,000
Native-born 304,000 16,500 147,000 10,000 85,000 6,500 1,000 500 71,000 6,500
Naturalized 60,000 5,000 30,000 3,000 20,000 3,000 S S 9,000 1,500
Non-U.S. citizen 84,000 8,500 27,000 2,500 50,000 8,000 D D 6,000 1,500
Permanent resident 39,000 3,500 19,000 2,500 19,000 2,500 D D 2,000 500
Temporary resident 44,000 7,500 9,000 1,500 32,000 7,000 D D 4,000 1,000
Environmental life scientists 33,000 7,000 12,000 3,500 2,000 1,000 D D 20,000 4,500
U.S. citizen 32,000 7,000 11,000 3,500 2,000 1,000 D D 20,000 4,500
Native-born 32,000 7,000 11,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 D D 20,000 4,500
Naturalized * * D D D D D D * *
Non-U.S. citizen S S D D * * D D D D
Permanent resident S S D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident * * D D D D D D D D
Postsecondary teachers - life/ related sciences 88,000 5,000 D D 70,000 4,000 18,000 3,000 D D
U.S. citizen 78,000 4,500 D D 60,000 3,500 17,000 3,000 D D
Native-born 67,000 4,500 D D 52,000 3,500 16,000 2,500 D D
Naturalized 10,000 1,500 D D 9,000 1,500 2,000 500 D D
Non-U.S. citizen 10,000 1,500 D D 10,000 1,500 1,000 500 D D
Permanent resident 8,000 1,500 D D 7,000 1,500 1,000 500 D D
Temporary resident 2,000 1,000 D D 2,000 1,000 D D D D
Computer/ mathematical scientists 2,647,000 67,000 2,135,000 58,500 191,000 10,000 95,000 9,000 227,000 15,000
U.S. citizen 2,284,000 61,500 1,809,000 52,500 159,000 9,500 92,000 9,000 225,000 15,000
Native-born 1,879,000 56,000 1,480,000 48,000 134,000 8,500 82,000 8,500 184,000 13,500
Naturalized 406,000 14,500 329,000 13,500 25,000 3,500 11,000 3,000 41,000 6,000
Non-U.S. citizen 363,000 15,500 326,000 14,500 33,000 3,500 2,000 1,000 2,000 1,000
Permanent resident 169,000 11,000 154,000 10,500 12,000 2,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 500
Temporary resident 194,000 10,000 172,000 10,000 20,000 3,000 * * 1,000 500
Computer and information scientists 2,412,000 64,500 2,058,000 57,500 106,000 9,000 48,000 5,500 201,000 14,000
U.S. citizen 2,080,000 59,500 1,742,000 52,000 92,000 8,000 47,000 5,500 199,000 14,000
Native-born 1,706,000 54,000 1,425,000 47,000 78,000 7,500 43,000 5,000 160,000 12,000
Naturalized 374,000 15,000 318,000 13,500 14,000 3,000 4,000 1,500 39,000 6,000
Non-U.S. citizen 332,000 15,500 316,000 15,000 13,000 2,500 S S 2,000 1,000
Permanent resident 155,000 11,000 149,000 11,000 5,000 2,000 D D 1,000 500
Temporary resident 176,000 10,500 166,000 10,000 9,000 2,000 D D 1,000 500
Mathematical scientists 127,000 13,000 77,000 8,000 17,000 2,500 7,000 3,500 26,000 5,500
U.S. citizen 111,000 12,500 66,000 8,000 12,000 2,000 7,000 3,500 26,000 5,500
Native-born 92,000 11,500 55,000 7,000 10,000 2,000 S S 23,000 5,500
Naturalized 19,000 4,000 11,000 2,500 2,000 1,000 D D 2,000 1,000
Non-U.S. citizen 16,000 2,000 10,000 1,500 5,000 1,500 D D * *
Permanent resident 6,000 1,000 5,000 1,000 1,000 500 D D * *
Temporary resident 10,000 2,000 6,000 1,500 4,000 1,500 D D D D
Postsecondary teachers - computer/ math sciences 109,000 8,500 D D 69,000 5,000 40,000 6,000 D D
U.S. citizen 93,000 8,000 D D 55,000 4,500 39,000 6,000 D D
Native-born 81,000 8,000 D D 46,000 4,500 35,000 6,000 D D
Naturalized 12,000 1,500 D D 9,000 1,000 3,000 1,500 D D
Non-U.S. citizen 16,000 2,500 D D 14,000 2,500 1,000 500 D D
Permanent resident 8,000 1,500 D D 7,000 1,000 1,000 500 D D
Temporary resident 8,000 2,000 D D 7,000 2,000 D D D D
Physical/ related scientists 319,000 11,000 151,000 7,500 95,000 5,000 13,000 2,500 60,000 4,500
U.S. citizen 273,000 10,500 140,000 7,500 64,000 3,000 13,000 2,500 56,000 4,000
Native-born 238,000 10,000 122,000 7,500 54,000 2,500 11,000 2,000 50,000 4,000
Naturalized 35,000 3,000 18,000 2,000 10,000 1,500 1,000 500 6,000 1,000
Non-U.S. citizen 46,000 4,000 11,000 1,500 30,000 3,500 1,000 500 4,000 1,500
Permanent resident 21,000 2,000 8,000 1,000 11,000 1,500 1,000 500 2,000 1,000
Temporary resident 25,000 3,000 3,000 1,000 20,000 3,000 D D 2,000 1,000
Chemists, except biochemists 105,000 7,000 76,000 6,000 17,000 2,000 D D 13,000 1,500
U.S. citizen 94,000 7,000 70,000 6,000 11,000 2,000 D D 13,000 1,500
Native-born 78,000 6,000 58,000 5,500 10,000 1,500 D D 11,000 1,500
Naturalized 15,000 2,000 12,000 2,000 1,000 500 D D 2,000 500
Non-U.S. citizen 12,000 1,500 6,000 1,000 6,000 1,500 D D * *
Permanent resident 5,000 1,000 4,000 1,000 1,000 500 D D D D
Temporary resident 7,000 1,500 2,000 500 5,000 1,500 D D * *
Earth/ atmospheric/ ocean scientists 70,000 4,500 40,000 3,500 10,000 1,500 D D 20,000 2,000
U.S. citizen 64,000 4,500 39,000 3,500 6,000 1,000 D D 19,000 2,000
Native-born 60,000 4,500 37,000 3,500 6,000 1,000 D D 18,000 2,000
Naturalized 4,000 1,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 500 D D 1,000 500
Non-U.S. citizen 6,000 1,000 2,000 500 3,000 1,000 D D * *
Permanent resident 3,000 500 1,000 500 1,000 500 D D D D
Temporary resident 3,000 1,000 * * 2,000 1,000 D D * *
Physicists and astronomers 36,000 2,500 13,000 1,500 14,000 1,500 D D 8,000 1,500
U.S. citizen 25,000 2,000 11,000 1,000 8,000 1,000 D D 5,000 1,000
Native-born 20,000 1,500 8,000 1,000 6,000 1,000 D D 4,000 500
Naturalized 5,000 1,000 3,000 1,000 2,000 1,000 D D 1,000 500
Non-U.S. citizen 11,000 2,000 2,000 500 5,000 1,000 D D 3,000 1,500
Permanent resident 4,000 1,000 1,000 500 1,000 500 D D 2,000 1,000
Temporary resident 7,000 1,500 1,000 500 4,000 1,000 D D 2,000 1,000
Postsecondary teachers - physical/ related sciences 63,000 4,000 D D 51,000 3,500 12,000 2,500 D D
U.S. citizen 47,000 3,000 D D 36,000 2,000 11,000 2,000 D D
Native-born 40,000 3,000 D D 30,000 2,000 10,000 2,000 D D
Naturalized 7,000 1,500 D D 6,000 1,000 1,000 500 D D
Non-U.S. citizen 16,000 2,500 D D 15,000 2,500 1,000 500 D D
Permanent resident 8,000 1,500 D D 8,000 1,500 * * D D
Temporary resident 7,000 2,500 D D 7,000 2,500 D D D D
Other physical/ related scientists 45,000 4,500 22,000 2,500 4,000 1,000 D D 19,000 2,500
U.S. citizen 42,000 4,500 20,000 2,500 3,000 1,000 D D 19,000 2,500
Native-born 40,000 4,000 19,000 2,500 3,000 1,000 D D 18,000 2,500
Naturalized 3,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 * * D D 1,000 500
Non-U.S. citizen 3,000 1,000 1,000 500 1,000 500 D D D D
Permanent resident 1,000 500 1,000 500 * * D D D D
Temporary resident 1,000 500 * * 1,000 500 D D D D
Social science, psychology 581,000 25,500 201,000 13,000 211,000 10,000 76,000 7,500 93,000 10,000
U.S. citizen 542,000 25,000 190,000 13,000 186,000 10,000 75,000 7,500 92,000 10,000
Native-born 497,000 23,500 178,000 12,500 171,000 9,500 64,000 5,000 83,000 9,500
Naturalized 45,000 7,000 11,000 2,000 15,000 2,500 11,000 4,500 9,000 2,500
Non-U.S. citizen 39,000 4,000 12,000 3,000 25,000 3,000 1,000 500 S S
Permanent resident 20,000 3,000 7,000 3,000 10,000 1,500 S S S S
Temporary resident 19,000 2,500 5,000 1,500 14,000 2,500 D D D D
Economists 37,000 5,500 14,000 1,500 10,000 2,500 D D 13,000 4,500
U.S. citizen 30,000 5,500 10,000 1,500 7,000 2,000 D D 13,000 4,500
Native-born 27,000 5,500 9,000 1,500 6,000 2,000 D D 12,000 4,500
Naturalized 3,000 1,000 2,000 500 * * D D 1,000 500
Non-U.S. citizen 7,000 1,500 4,000 1,000 3,000 1,000 D D * *
Permanent resident 1,000 500 1,000 500 * * D D * *
Temporary resident 6,000 1,500 3,000 1,000 3,000 1,000 D D D D
Political scientists 18,000 3,500 10,000 3,000 3,000 1,000 D D 6,000 2,000
U.S. citizen 17,000 3,500 8,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 D D 6,000 2,000
Native-born 16,000 3,500 8,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 D D 6,000 2,000
Naturalized * * D D D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen S S D D S S D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident S S D D D D D D D D
Postsecondary teachers - social/ related sciences 172,000 8,500 D D 145,000 7,500 27,000 3,500 D D
U.S. citizen 155,000 8,500 D D 129,000 7,500 26,000 3,500 D D
Native-born 141,000 8,000 D D 119,000 7,500 22,000 3,000 D D
Naturalized 14,000 2,000 D D 11,000 1,500 3,000 1,500 D D
Non-U.S. citizen 16,000 2,000 D D 15,000 2,000 S S D D
Permanent resident 9,000 1,500 D D 8,000 1,500 S S D D
Temporary resident 7,000 1,500 D D 7,000 1,500 D D D D
Psychologists 208,000 13,500 108,000 7,000 27,000 4,500 48,000 6,500 25,000 3,000
U.S. citizen 203,000 13,000 106,000 7,000 25,000 4,000 48,000 6,500 25,000 3,000
Native-born 184,000 10,500 99,000 6,500 23,000 4,000 40,000 4,000 22,000 2,500
Naturalized 20,000 6,500 7,000 2,000 S S S S 3,000 1,500
Non-U.S. citizen 5,000 1,500 2,000 1,000 S S D D * *
Permanent resident 2,000 1,000 2,000 1,000 * * D D * *
Temporary resident S S * * S S D D D D
Sociologists and anthropologists 21,000 3,000 7,000 1,500 7,000 1,500 D D 7,000 2,000
U.S. citizen 21,000 3,000 7,000 1,500 7,000 1,500 D D 7,000 2,000
Native-born 20,000 3,000 6,000 1,500 7,000 1,500 D D 7,000 2,000
Naturalized * * * * * * D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen * * * * * * D D D D
Permanent resident * * * * D D D D D D
Temporary resident * * D D * * D D D D
Other social and related scientists 125,000 14,500 63,000 9,500 19,000 3,000 1,000 500 43,000 6,500
U.S. citizen 117,000 13,500 59,000 9,000 16,000 3,000 1,000 500 41,000 6,500
Native-born 109,000 13,000 56,000 9,000 15,000 3,000 1,000 500 37,000 6,000
Naturalized 8,000 2,500 2,000 1,000 S S * * 4,000 2,000
Non-U.S. citizen 9,000 3,000 S S 3,000 1,500 D D D D
Permanent resident 6,000 3,000 S S S S D D D D
Temporary resident 3,000 1,500 1,000 500 2,000 1,000 D D D D
Engineering occupations 1,564,000 41,500 1,262,000 36,000 92,000 5,000 7,000 2,000 202,000 9,500
U.S. citizen 1,419,000 39,500 1,155,000 34,500 59,000 4,000 6,000 1,500 199,000 9,000
Native-born 1,218,000 37,000 998,000 32,500 46,000 3,500 5,000 1,500 168,000 8,500
Naturalized 201,000 7,500 157,000 7,000 13,000 1,500 1,000 500 31,000 2,500
Non-U.S. citizen 145,000 7,000 107,000 6,000 34,000 3,000 D D 4,000 1,000
Permanent resident 72,000 4,500 62,000 4,500 7,000 1,000 D D 2,000 1,000
Temporary resident 73,000 5,000 45,000 4,000 27,000 3,000 D D 1,000 500
Aeronautical/ aerospace/ astronautical engineers 98,000 6,500 79,000 5,500 3,000 1,000 D D 15,000 2,500
U.S. citizen 92,000 6,000 74,000 5,500 2,000 500 D D 15,000 2,500
Native-born 81,000 6,000 66,000 5,500 2,000 500 D D 13,000 2,500
Naturalized 11,000 1,500 9,000 1,500 * * D D 2,000 1,000
Non-U.S. citizen 5,000 1,500 4,000 1,000 S S D D D D
Permanent resident 4,000 1,000 4,000 1,000 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 2,000 1,000 * * S S D D D D
Chemical engineers 66,000 4,500 59,000 4,500 4,000 1,000 D D 2,000 1,000
U.S. citizen 58,000 4,500 54,000 4,500 3,000 1,000 D D 2,000 1,000
Native-born 51,000 4,500 47,000 4,000 2,000 1,000 D D 2,000 1,000
Naturalized 7,000 1,000 7,000 1,000 * * D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 8,000 1,500 6,000 1,000 2,000 1,000 D D D D
Permanent resident 4,000 1,000 3,000 1,000 * * D D D D
Temporary resident 4,000 1,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 D D D D
Civil, including architectural/ sanitary engineers 223,000 10,500 136,000 7,500 4,000 1,000 D D 83,000 6,000
U.S. citizen 208,000 10,000 125,000 7,000 1,000 500 D D 81,000 6,000
Native-born 178,000 9,500 114,000 6,500 1,000 500 D D 63,000 5,500
Naturalized 30,000 2,500 12,000 1,500 D D D D 18,000 2,000
Non-U.S. citizen 15,000 2,000 10,000 2,000 3,000 1,000 D D 2,000 1,000
Permanent resident 8,000 1,500 6,000 1,000 D D D D 2,000 500
Temporary resident 8,000 1,500 4,000 1,500 3,000 1,000 D D * *
Electrical/ computer hardware engineers 345,000 13,500 301,000 12,500 14,000 2,000 S S 29,000 3,500
U.S. citizen 298,000 12,500 260,000 11,500 8,000 1,500 D D 29,000 3,500
Native-born 233,000 11,000 201,000 10,000 7,000 1,500 D D 24,000 3,000
Naturalized 65,000 4,000 59,000 4,000 1,000 500 D D 5,000 1,000
Non-U.S. citizen 47,000 4,000 41,000 3,500 6,000 1,500 D D D D
Permanent resident 24,000 3,000 23,000 3,000 S S D D D D
Temporary resident 24,000 3,000 19,000 2,500 5,000 1,500 D D D D
Industrial engineers 70,000 6,000 65,000 5,500 2,000 1,000 D D 4,000 1,500
U.S. citizen 65,000 6,000 60,000 6,000 * * D D 4,000 1,500
Native-born 56,000 5,500 52,000 5,500 * * D D 4,000 1,500
Naturalized 9,000 2,000 8,000 2,000 D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 6,000 1,500 4,000 1,500 1,000 1,000 D D D D
Permanent resident 2,000 1,000 2,000 1,000 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 4,000 1,500 2,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 D D D D
Mechanical engineers 302,000 15,000 275,000 14,000 9,000 1,500 D D 16,000 2,500
U.S. citizen 280,000 14,500 258,000 14,000 5,000 1,000 D D 16,000 2,500
Native-born 247,000 13,500 227,000 13,000 4,000 1,000 D D 14,000 2,000
Naturalized 33,000 3,000 30,000 3,000 S S D D 2,000 1,000
Non-U.S. citizen 22,000 2,500 17,000 2,000 4,000 1,500 D D D D
Permanent resident 9,000 1,500 9,000 1,500 * * D D D D
Temporary resident 13,000 2,000 8,000 1,500 4,000 1,500 D D D D
Postsecondary teachers - engineering 42,000 3,000 D D 39,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 D D
U.S. citizen 31,000 2,500 D D 29,000 2,500 2,000 1,000 D D
Native-born 23,000 2,500 D D 21,000 2,500 2,000 1,000 D D
Naturalized 8,000 1,000 D D 8,000 1,000 * * D D
Non-U.S. citizen 10,000 1,500 D D 10,000 1,500 D D D D
Permanent resident 4,000 500 D D 4,000 500 D D D D
Temporary resident 6,000 1,500 D D 6,000 1,500 D D D D
Other engineers 419,000 19,500 348,000 17,500 18,000 2,500 D D 53,000 5,000
U.S. citizen 387,000 19,000 324,000 17,000 11,000 2,000 D D 52,000 5,000
Native-born 348,000 18,000 292,000 16,000 8,000 1,500 D D 48,000 5,000
Naturalized 39,000 3,500 32,000 3,000 3,000 1,500 D D 4,000 1,000
Non-U.S. citizen 32,000 3,500 25,000 3,000 7,000 1,500 D D S S
Permanent resident 18,000 2,500 16,000 2,500 1,000 500 D D S S
Temporary resident 14,000 2,000 9,000 1,500 5,000 1,500 D D D D
S&E-related occupations 7,439,000 126,500 5,118,000 99,500 537,000 25,500 1,145,000 48,000 640,000 30,000
U.S. citizen 7,066,000 124,000 4,811,000 96,000 494,000 24,500 1,129,000 48,000 632,000 29,500
Native-born 6,110,000 108,000 4,102,000 86,000 423,000 22,000 1,055,000 42,000 531,000 27,000
Naturalized 957,000 41,000 709,000 33,000 71,000 9,500 74,000 17,500 102,000 12,000
Non-U.S. citizen 373,000 21,000 307,000 20,000 42,000 5,500 16,000 5,000 8,000 2,000
Permanent resident 248,000 16,500 213,000 16,000 17,000 3,000 12,000 4,500 7,000 2,000
Temporary resident 125,000 10,500 94,000 9,000 26,000 4,500 4,000 1,500 1,000 500
Health and related 4,590,000 99,000 3,595,000 85,500 450,000 24,000 166,000 11,500 378,000 22,500
U.S. citizen 4,375,000 96,500 3,417,000 83,000 422,000 23,000 163,000 11,500 373,000 22,500
Native-born 3,762,000 86,000 2,938,000 75,500 359,000 21,000 157,000 11,500 308,000 20,000
Naturalized 612,000 31,500 479,000 28,000 63,000 9,500 6,000 2,000 64,000 10,500
Non-U.S. citizen 215,000 19,000 178,000 18,000 29,000 5,000 3,000 1,500 5,000 2,000
Permanent resident 157,000 16,000 137,000 16,000 13,000 3,000 S S 5,000 2,000
Temporary resident 58,000 9,000 41,000 7,500 15,000 4,000 D D * *
S&E manager 902,000 35,500 709,000 28,500 44,000 7,000 3,000 1,500 145,000 11,500
U.S. citizen 847,000 34,500 657,000 27,500 43,000 7,000 3,000 1,500 144,000 11,500
Native-born 748,000 32,500 572,000 25,500 41,000 7,000 3,000 1,500 131,000 11,000
Naturalized 100,000 9,500 84,000 10,000 2,000 1,000 D D 13,000 3,000
Non-U.S. citizen 54,000 6,000 53,000 6,000 S S D D 1,000 500
Permanent resident 32,000 4,500 31,000 4,500 S S D D 1,000 500
Temporary resident 22,000 3,500 22,000 3,500 D D D D D D
S&E precollege teacher 968,000 46,500 D D D D 968,000 46,500 D D
U.S. citizen 958,000 46,500 D D D D 958,000 46,500 D D
Native-born 889,000 41,000 D D D D 889,000 41,000 D D
Naturalized 68,000 17,500 D D D D 68,000 17,500 D D
Non-U.S. citizen 11,000 4,500 D D D D 11,000 4,500 D D
Permanent resident 9,000 4,000 D D D D 9,000 4,000 D D
Temporary resident 2,000 1,000 D D D D 2,000 1,000 D D
S&E technician/ technologist 778,000 26,500 626,000 23,500 40,000 4,500 5,000 2,500 107,000 11,000
U.S. citizen 702,000 26,500 565,000 23,000 28,000 4,000 S S 105,000 11,000
Native-born 545,000 24,500 438,000 21,500 22,000 4,000 S S 82,000 9,500
Naturalized 157,000 11,500 127,000 10,000 6,000 1,500 D D 24,000 5,500
Non-U.S. citizen 76,000 7,000 61,000 6,000 13,000 2,500 D D 1,000 1,000
Permanent resident 40,000 5,000 36,000 5,000 3,000 1,500 D D S S
Temporary resident 36,000 5,500 25,000 4,500 10,000 2,000 D D * *
Other S&E-related 201,000 14,000 187,000 14,500 2,000 1,000 S S 10,000 3,500
U.S. citizen 185,000 13,500 171,000 14,000 2,000 1,000 D D 10,000 3,500
Native-born 165,000 13,500 153,000 13,500 S S D D 9,000 3,500
Naturalized 20,000 3,500 18,000 3,500 D D D D S S
Non-U.S. citizen 16,000 3,500 16,000 3,500 D D D D D D
Permanent resident 10,000 3,000 10,000 3,000 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 7,000 2,000 6,000 2,000 D D D D D D
Non-S&E occupations 10,368,000 180,500 7,375,000 134,500 500,000 20,000 1,241,000 48,500 1,252,000 38,500
U.S. citizen 9,915,000 172,000 6,990,000 127,000 476,000 19,500 1,209,000 48,000 1,239,000 38,500
Native-born 8,916,000 162,500 6,225,000 120,000 435,000 19,000 1,120,000 45,500 1,135,000 36,000
Naturalized 999,000 29,000 765,000 25,000 41,000 4,000 90,000 9,500 104,000 9,000
Non-U.S. citizen 453,000 22,000 385,000 21,000 24,000 3,000 31,000 5,500 13,000 3,500
Permanent resident 343,000 19,500 287,000 17,500 16,000 2,500 28,000 5,500 12,000 3,500
Temporary resident 110,000 10,500 98,000 10,500 8,000 1,500 3,000 1,500 S S
Arts/ humanities/ related 316,000 20,500 296,000 20,000 11,000 3,500 3,000 1,000 6,000 1,500
U.S. citizen 301,000 19,500 282,000 19,500 11,000 3,500 3,000 1,000 6,000 1,500
Native-born 280,000 19,000 262,000 18,500 10,000 3,500 3,000 1,000 6,000 1,500
Naturalized 21,000 5,500 20,000 5,500 S S D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 15,000 3,500 14,000 3,500 D D D D D D
Permanent resident 10,000 3,000 10,000 3,000 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 4,000 2,500 4,000 2,500 D D D D D D
Management-related 1,794,000 52,500 1,449,000 45,000 58,000 6,500 33,000 6,000 254,000 16,500
U.S. citizen 1,693,000 48,500 1,352,000 41,500 56,000 6,500 33,000 5,500 253,000 16,500
Native-born 1,469,000 46,000 1,174,000 40,500 47,000 6,000 27,000 5,500 221,000 14,500
Naturalized 224,000 13,000 178,000 10,500 9,000 2,000 5,000 2,000 32,000 7,000
Non-U.S. citizen 101,000 8,500 97,000 8,500 3,000 1,500 S S 1,000 500
Permanent resident 69,000 7,000 65,000 7,000 S S S S 1,000 500
Temporary resident 33,000 5,000 32,000 5,000 * * D D D D
Non-S&E manager 1,684,000 45,500 1,342,000 37,500 75,000 6,500 102,000 12,000 165,000 12,500
U.S. citizen 1,610,000 45,000 1,270,000 36,500 74,000 6,000 102,000 12,000 165,000 12,500
Native-born 1,438,000 43,000 1,125,000 34,500 70,000 6,000 89,000 10,000 154,000 12,000
Naturalized 172,000 11,500 145,000 9,500 4,000 1,000 13,000 6,500 11,000 2,500
Non-U.S. citizen 74,000 8,000 72,000 8,000 1,000 1,000 S S D D
Permanent resident 54,000 6,000 52,000 5,500 1,000 1,000 S S D D
Temporary resident 20,000 5,000 20,000 5,000 D D D D D D
Non-S&E postsecondary teacher 188,000 10,000 D D 142,000 8,500 45,000 6,000 D D
U.S. citizen 172,000 9,500 D D 130,000 8,000 42,000 5,500 D D
Native-born 156,000 9,500 D D 117,000 7,500 39,000 5,500 D D
Naturalized 16,000 2,000 D D 13,000 2,000 3,000 1,000 D D
Non-U.S. citizen 16,000 2,500 D D 12,000 2,000 3,000 1,500 D D
Permanent resident 10,000 2,500 D D 7,000 1,500 3,000 1,500 D D
Temporary resident 6,000 1,500 D D 5,000 1,500 D D D D
Non-S&E precollege/ other teacher 821,000 39,500 D D D D 821,000 39,500 D D
U.S. citizen 799,000 39,000 D D D D 799,000 39,000 D D
Native-born 748,000 37,500 D D D D 748,000 37,500 D D
Naturalized 51,000 6,500 D D D D 51,000 6,500 D D
Non-U.S. citizen 22,000 5,000 D D D D 22,000 5,000 D D
Permanent resident 20,000 5,000 D D D D 20,000 5,000 D D
Temporary resident S S D D D D S S D D
Sales/ marketing 1,419,000 55,000 1,394,000 55,000 10,000 3,500 S S 11,000 2,500
U.S. citizen 1,359,000 53,000 1,333,000 53,500 10,000 3,500 S S 11,000 2,500
Native-born 1,206,000 50,500 1,183,000 50,500 9,000 3,500 S S 9,000 2,500
Naturalized 153,000 10,500 151,000 10,500 1,000 500 D D 2,000 1,000
Non-U.S. citizen 60,000 6,500 60,000 6,500 D D D D D D
Permanent resident 49,000 5,500 49,000 5,500 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 12,000 3,500 12,000 3,500 D D D D D D
Social service/ related 844,000 28,000 500,000 20,000 56,000 7,500 115,000 10,000 172,000 13,000
U.S. citizen 822,000 27,500 485,000 19,500 55,000 7,000 114,000 10,000 168,000 12,500
Native-born 762,000 27,000 448,000 19,000 51,000 7,000 110,000 10,000 152,000 12,000
Naturalized 60,000 6,000 37,000 5,000 4,000 1,500 4,000 1,500 16,000 3,000
Non-U.S. citizen 22,000 4,000 16,000 3,500 S S S S 4,000 2,000
Permanent resident 20,000 4,000 14,000 3,500 S S S S 4,000 2,000
Temporary resident 2,000 1,000 S S D D D D D D
Other non-S&E 3,302,000 79,000 2,395,000 64,000 147,000 13,000 117,000 12,000 643,000 30,000
U.S. citizen 3,159,000 77,000 2,269,000 61,500 141,000 13,000 113,000 12,000 636,000 29,500
Native-born 2,858,000 73,000 2,034,000 57,500 131,000 13,000 100,000 12,000 593,000 29,000
Naturalized 301,000 17,000 235,000 15,500 10,000 2,500 13,000 3,000 44,000 5,000
Non-U.S. citizen 143,000 14,000 126,000 13,500 7,000 1,500 4,000 1,500 7,000 3,000
Permanent resident 111,000 12,500 98,000 12,000 4,000 1,500 3,000 1,500 6,000 3,000
Temporary resident 32,000 7,000 28,000 6,500 2,000 1,000 D D D D

Data codes used in these tables: * = value < 500. D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. S = suppressed for reliability; coefficient of variation exceeds publication standards.
Abbreviations used in these tables: S&E = science and engineering; SE = standard error.
NOTES: Numbers are rounded to the nearest 1,000. Standard errors for numbers are rounded up to the nearest 500. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Scientists and engineers are bachelor's and higher degreed individuals living in the United States with an S&E or S&E-related degree or occupation. See appendix for additional details on coverage, eligibility, educational field classification, and occupational classification. Business/industry includes self-employed individuals, nonprofit organizations, and other unspecified types of employers. Four-year college/university includes medical schools and university-affiliated research institutes. Other educational institution includes 2-year colleges, precollege institutions, and other educational institutions. Government includes federal (civilian), military, state, and local employers.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): 2013.
Data from survey cycle 2013, as of 24 February 2015.