Download to excel| Table 9-2. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers with a bachelor's as the highest degree, by occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2013 |
| Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status | Sector of employment | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Employed scientists and engineers | Business/ industry | 4-year college/ university | Other educational institution | Government | ||||||
| Number | SE | Number | SE | Number | SE | Number | SE | Number | SE | |
| Bachelor's | 13,432,000 | 237,000 | 10,157,000 | 186,500 | 646,000 | 27,000 | 1,054,000 | 45,500 | 1,575,000 | 50,500 |
| U.S. citizen | 12,759,000 | 226,500 | 9,578,000 | 176,000 | 593,000 | 25,500 | 1,025,000 | 44,000 | 1,563,000 | 50,500 |
| Native-born | 11,344,000 | 209,000 | 8,480,000 | 165,000 | 524,000 | 24,500 | 941,000 | 40,000 | 1,398,000 | 46,500 |
| Naturalized | 1,416,000 | 45,500 | 1,098,000 | 36,500 | 69,000 | 9,000 | 84,000 | 16,500 | 165,000 | 13,500 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 672,000 | 27,500 | 579,000 | 26,000 | 53,000 | 6,500 | 28,000 | 6,000 | 12,000 | 2,500 |
| Permanent resident | 437,000 | 22,500 | 388,000 | 21,500 | 14,000 | 3,000 | 25,000 | 6,000 | 11,000 | 2,500 |
| Temporary resident | 235,000 | 15,000 | 191,000 | 14,000 | 39,000 | 6,000 | 4,000 | 1,500 | 1,000 | 500 |
| S&E occupations | 3,288,000 | 84,000 | 2,558,000 | 66,500 | 247,000 | 17,000 | 72,000 | 8,000 | 411,000 | 20,000 |
| U.S. citizen | 3,048,000 | 79,000 | 2,359,000 | 62,500 | 209,000 | 14,500 | 70,000 | 8,000 | 410,000 | 20,000 |
| Native-born | 2,709,000 | 73,000 | 2,100,000 | 59,000 | 185,000 | 13,500 | 64,000 | 7,500 | 360,000 | 18,500 |
| Naturalized | 339,000 | 14,500 | 259,000 | 12,000 | 24,000 | 3,500 | 6,000 | 3,000 | 50,000 | 6,000 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 240,000 | 13,500 | 199,000 | 13,000 | 38,000 | 6,000 | S | S | 2,000 | 1,000 |
| Permanent resident | 119,000 | 10,000 | 109,000 | 10,000 | 8,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 1,000 | 500 |
| Temporary resident | 121,000 | 9,000 | 90,000 | 8,000 | 30,000 | 5,500 | D | D | S | S |
| Science occupations | 2,300,000 | 67,000 | 1,724,000 | 51,500 | 222,000 | 16,000 | 67,000 | 8,000 | 288,000 | 18,000 |
| U.S. citizen | 2,103,000 | 63,500 | 1,563,000 | 48,000 | 187,000 | 13,500 | 66,000 | 8,000 | 287,000 | 18,000 |
| Native-born | 1,864,000 | 59,000 | 1,382,000 | 45,500 | 167,000 | 12,500 | 60,000 | 7,500 | 254,000 | 16,500 |
| Naturalized | 240,000 | 12,500 | 181,000 | 10,500 | 20,000 | 3,500 | 6,000 | 3,000 | 33,000 | 6,000 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 197,000 | 12,000 | 161,000 | 12,000 | 34,000 | 6,000 | S | S | 1,000 | 500 |
| Permanent resident | 95,000 | 9,500 | 86,000 | 9,000 | 8,000 | 2,000 | D | D | * | * |
| Temporary resident | 102,000 | 8,500 | 76,000 | 8,000 | 26,000 | 5,500 | D | D | S | S |
| Biological/ agricultural/ other life scientists | 264,000 | 20,500 | 123,000 | 11,500 | 82,000 | 9,500 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 57,000 | 6,500 |
| U.S. citizen | 249,000 | 19,000 | 121,000 | 11,500 | 70,000 | 7,500 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 56,000 | 6,500 |
| Native-born | 231,000 | 17,500 | 113,000 | 11,000 | 62,000 | 7,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 54,000 | 6,500 |
| Naturalized | 18,000 | 3,000 | 8,000 | 1,500 | 8,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 2,000 | 1,000 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 15,000 | 5,000 | 3,000 | 1,000 | 12,000 | 4,500 | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 5,000 | 1,500 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 3,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 10,000 | 4,500 | * | * | 9,000 | 4,500 | D | D | D | D |
| Agricultural/ food scientists | 39,000 | 8,500 | 28,000 | 7,000 | 5,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 6,000 | 2,500 |
| U.S. citizen | 39,000 | 8,500 | 27,000 | 7,000 | 5,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 6,000 | 2,500 |
| Native-born | 36,000 | 8,000 | 26,000 | 6,500 | 4,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 6,000 | 2,500 |
| Naturalized | 3,000 | 1,500 | 1,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Biological and medical scientists | 195,000 | 19,500 | 91,000 | 9,500 | 65,000 | 9,500 | D | D | 39,000 | 6,000 |
| U.S. citizen | 183,000 | 17,000 | 89,000 | 9,500 | 55,000 | 7,000 | D | D | 39,000 | 6,000 |
| Native-born | 168,000 | 15,500 | 83,000 | 9,000 | 47,000 | 6,500 | D | D | 38,000 | 6,000 |
| Naturalized | 15,000 | 2,500 | 6,000 | 1,500 | 7,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 1,000 | 1,000 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 13,000 | 5,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 10,000 | 4,500 | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 5,000 | 1,500 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 3,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
| Environmental life scientists | 17,000 | 4,000 | 5,000 | 1,500 | S | S | D | D | 11,000 | 3,000 |
| U.S. citizen | 16,000 | 4,000 | 4,000 | 1,500 | S | S | D | D | 11,000 | 3,000 |
| Native-born | 16,000 | 4,000 | 4,000 | 1,500 | S | S | D | D | 11,000 | 3,000 |
| Naturalized | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Non-U.S. citizen | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Postsecondary teachers - life/ related sciences | 13,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 11,000 | 3,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D |
| U.S. citizen | 12,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 10,000 | 2,500 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D |
| Native-born | 11,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 10,000 | 2,500 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D |
| Naturalized | * | * | D | D | * | * | D | D | D | D |
| Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
| Computer/ mathematical scientists | 1,785,000 | 58,000 | 1,480,000 | 49,000 | 84,000 | 8,500 | 54,000 | 7,500 | 168,000 | 14,000 |
| U.S. citizen | 1,620,000 | 54,000 | 1,327,000 | 45,000 | 73,000 | 8,000 | 53,000 | 7,500 | 168,000 | 14,000 |
| Native-born | 1,414,000 | 50,500 | 1,159,000 | 42,500 | 65,000 | 7,500 | 48,000 | 7,000 | 142,000 | 12,500 |
| Naturalized | 207,000 | 12,000 | 168,000 | 10,500 | 9,000 | 2,500 | 5,000 | 3,000 | 25,000 | 5,500 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 165,000 | 12,000 | 153,000 | 11,500 | 10,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 83,000 | 9,000 | 79,000 | 9,000 | 3,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 82,000 | 8,000 | 75,000 | 8,000 | 7,000 | 2,000 | D | D | D | D |
| Computer and information scientists | 1,701,000 | 56,000 | 1,444,000 | 48,500 | 68,000 | 8,000 | 35,000 | 5,000 | 154,000 | 13,000 |
| U.S. citizen | 1,541,000 | 52,500 | 1,292,000 | 44,500 | 61,000 | 7,500 | 34,000 | 5,000 | 154,000 | 13,000 |
| Native-born | 1,342,000 | 49,000 | 1,127,000 | 42,000 | 53,000 | 6,500 | 33,000 | 5,000 | 129,000 | 11,500 |
| Naturalized | 199,000 | 12,500 | 165,000 | 10,500 | 8,000 | 2,500 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 24,000 | 5,500 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 159,000 | 12,000 | 152,000 | 11,500 | 7,000 | 2,000 | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 81,000 | 9,000 | 78,000 | 9,000 | 3,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 78,000 | 8,000 | 73,000 | 8,000 | 4,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D |
| Mathematical scientists | 60,000 | 11,500 | 36,000 | 7,000 | 4,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 14,000 | 5,000 |
| U.S. citizen | 58,000 | 11,000 | 35,000 | 7,000 | 4,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 14,000 | 5,000 |
| Native-born | 50,000 | 10,500 | 31,000 | 6,500 | 3,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 13,000 | 5,000 |
| Naturalized | 8,000 | 3,500 | 3,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D | S | S |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 2,000 | 1,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | S | S | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
| Postsecondary teachers - computer/ math sciences | 24,000 | 5,500 | D | D | 12,000 | 3,000 | 13,000 | 4,500 | D | D |
| U.S. citizen | 21,000 | 5,000 | D | D | 8,000 | 3,000 | 13,000 | 4,500 | D | D |
| Native-born | 21,000 | 5,000 | D | D | 8,000 | 3,000 | 12,000 | 4,500 | D | D |
| Naturalized | * | * | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 3,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 3,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 2,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 2,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D |
| Physical/ related scientists | 128,000 | 9,500 | 75,000 | 6,500 | 23,000 | 3,500 | 3,000 | 1,500 | 26,000 | 3,000 |
| U.S. citizen | 118,000 | 9,000 | 73,000 | 6,500 | 15,000 | 2,500 | 3,000 | 1,500 | 26,000 | 3,000 |
| Native-born | 110,000 | 8,500 | 69,000 | 6,500 | 13,000 | 2,000 | 3,000 | 1,500 | 25,000 | 3,000 |
| Naturalized | 8,000 | 1,500 | 4,000 | 1,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 1,000 | 500 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 10,000 | 2,500 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 8,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 2,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | * | * | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 8,000 | 2,500 | * | * | 7,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D |
| Chemists, except biochemists | 58,000 | 6,500 | 43,000 | 5,500 | 9,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 6,000 | 1,000 |
| U.S. citizen | 54,000 | 6,000 | 42,000 | 5,500 | 7,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 6,000 | 1,000 |
| Native-born | 50,000 | 6,000 | 39,000 | 5,500 | 6,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 5,000 | 1,000 |
| Naturalized | 5,000 | 1,000 | 3,000 | 1,000 | S | S | D | D | 1,000 | 500 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 3,000 | 1,500 | 1,000 | 500 | 3,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 1,000 | 500 | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 3,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D |
| Earth/ atmospheric/ ocean scientists | 26,000 | 3,000 | 18,000 | 2,500 | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | 7,000 | 1,500 |
| U.S. citizen | 25,000 | 3,000 | 17,000 | 2,500 | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | 7,000 | 1,500 |
| Native-born | 25,000 | 3,000 | 17,000 | 2,500 | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | 7,000 | 1,500 |
| Naturalized | * | * | * | * | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 1,000 | 500 | * | * | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | * | * | * | * | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Physicists and astronomers | 7,000 | 1,500 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 3,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 1,000 | 500 |
| U.S. citizen | 5,000 | 1,500 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 1,000 | 500 |
| Native-born | 4,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | 1,000 | 500 |
| Naturalized | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | D | D |
| Postsecondary teachers - physical/ related sciences | 10,000 | 2,500 | D | D | 8,000 | 2,500 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D |
| U.S. citizen | 7,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 4,000 | 1,500 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D |
| Native-born | 6,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 4,000 | 1,500 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D |
| Naturalized | * | * | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
| Other physical/ related scientists | 27,000 | 4,000 | 13,000 | 2,500 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 12,000 | 2,500 |
| U.S. citizen | 26,000 | 4,000 | 12,000 | 2,500 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 12,000 | 2,500 |
| Native-born | 25,000 | 3,500 | 12,000 | 2,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 12,000 | 2,500 |
| Naturalized | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 1,000 | 500 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Social science, psychology | 124,000 | 15,500 | 46,000 | 7,500 | 33,000 | 4,500 | 8,000 | 2,000 | 37,000 | 9,500 |
| U.S. citizen | 116,000 | 15,000 | 43,000 | 7,000 | 28,000 | 4,000 | 8,000 | 2,000 | 37,000 | 9,500 |
| Native-born | 109,000 | 14,500 | 42,000 | 7,000 | 27,000 | 4,000 | 8,000 | 2,000 | 33,000 | 9,000 |
| Naturalized | 7,000 | 2,500 | 1,000 | 500 | 1,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 4,000 | 2,000 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 8,000 | 3,000 | S | S | 4,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | S | S | S | S | S | S | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 3,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 3,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D |
| Economists | 12,000 | 5,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 4,000 | 2,000 | D | D | S | S |
| U.S. citizen | 11,000 | 5,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | S | S | D | D | S | S |
| Native-born | 11,000 | 5,000 | 1,000 | 500 | S | S | D | D | S | S |
| Naturalized | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 1,000 | 1,000 | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
| Political scientists | 6,000 | 2,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 3,000 | 1,500 |
| U.S. citizen | 6,000 | 2,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | S | S | D | D | 3,000 | 1,500 |
| Native-born | 6,000 | 2,000 | S | S | S | S | D | D | 3,000 | 1,500 |
| Naturalized | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Non-U.S. citizen | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Postsecondary teachers - social/ related sciences | 15,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 13,000 | 3,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D |
| U.S. citizen | 12,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 11,000 | 3,000 | S | S | D | D |
| Native-born | 11,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 10,000 | 3,000 | S | S | D | D |
| Naturalized | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 3,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 1,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 1,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D |
| Psychologists | 25,000 | 4,500 | 8,000 | 2,000 | 9,000 | 3,000 | 6,000 | 2,000 | S | S |
| U.S. citizen | 25,000 | 4,500 | 8,000 | 2,000 | 9,000 | 3,000 | 6,000 | 2,000 | S | S |
| Native-born | 24,000 | 4,500 | 8,000 | 2,000 | 8,000 | 3,000 | 6,000 | 2,000 | S | S |
| Naturalized | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | * | * | D | D | D | D |
| Non-U.S. citizen | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Sociologists and anthropologists | 9,000 | 2,000 | 4,000 | 1,500 | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | 3,000 | 1,500 |
| U.S. citizen | 9,000 | 2,000 | 4,000 | 1,500 | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | 3,000 | 1,500 |
| Native-born | 9,000 | 2,000 | 4,000 | 1,500 | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | 3,000 | 1,500 |
| Naturalized | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Non-U.S. citizen | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Other social and related scientists | 57,000 | 11,000 | 30,000 | 7,000 | 4,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 23,000 | 5,500 |
| U.S. citizen | 53,000 | 10,500 | 27,000 | 6,500 | 3,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 23,000 | 5,500 |
| Native-born | 49,000 | 10,000 | 27,000 | 6,500 | 3,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 19,000 | 5,000 |
| Naturalized | 4,000 | 2,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 4,000 | 2,000 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | S | S | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Engineering occupations | 988,000 | 32,500 | 834,000 | 29,000 | 26,000 | 3,500 | 5,000 | 1,500 | 123,000 | 7,000 |
| U.S. citizen | 945,000 | 31,500 | 796,000 | 28,000 | 22,000 | 3,000 | 4,000 | 1,500 | 123,000 | 7,500 |
| Native-born | 845,000 | 30,000 | 718,000 | 26,500 | 18,000 | 3,000 | 4,000 | 1,500 | 105,000 | 7,000 |
| Naturalized | 99,000 | 6,000 | 78,000 | 5,000 | 3,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 17,000 | 2,000 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 43,000 | 4,000 | 38,000 | 4,000 | 4,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 24,000 | 3,000 | 23,000 | 3,500 | * | * | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 19,000 | 2,500 | 14,000 | 2,500 | 4,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D |
| Aeronautical/ aerospace/ astronautical engineers | 56,000 | 5,500 | 47,000 | 4,500 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 8,000 | 2,500 |
| U.S. citizen | 54,000 | 5,500 | 45,000 | 4,500 | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | 8,000 | 2,500 |
| Native-born | 50,000 | 5,500 | 42,000 | 4,500 | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | 7,000 | 2,500 |
| Naturalized | 4,000 | 1,000 | 4,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D | S | S |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 2,000 | 1,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 2,000 | 1,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Chemical engineers | 42,000 | 4,000 | 40,000 | 4,000 | 2,000 | 500 | D | D | * | * |
| U.S. citizen | 41,000 | 4,000 | 39,000 | 4,000 | 2,000 | 500 | D | D | * | * |
| Native-born | 37,000 | 4,000 | 35,000 | 4,000 | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | * | * |
| Naturalized | 3,000 | 1,000 | 3,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 2,000 | 1,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 1,000 | 500 | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Civil, including architectural/ sanitary engineers | 150,000 | 9,000 | 93,000 | 6,500 | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | 56,000 | 5,000 |
| U.S. citizen | 146,000 | 9,000 | 90,000 | 6,500 | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | 55,000 | 5,000 |
| Native-born | 128,000 | 8,500 | 84,000 | 6,500 | S | S | D | D | 44,000 | 4,500 |
| Naturalized | 18,000 | 2,500 | 6,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D | 11,000 | 2,000 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 4,000 | 1,000 | 3,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 2,000 | 1,000 | 2,000 | 500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 2,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Electrical/ computer hardware engineers | 209,000 | 11,500 | 184,000 | 10,500 | 5,000 | 1,500 | S | S | 18,000 | 2,500 |
| U.S. citizen | 195,000 | 11,000 | 170,000 | 10,000 | 5,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 18,000 | 2,500 |
| Native-born | 163,000 | 10,000 | 142,000 | 9,000 | 4,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 15,000 | 2,500 |
| Naturalized | 32,000 | 3,500 | 28,000 | 3,000 | D | D | D | D | 3,000 | 1,000 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 14,000 | 2,500 | 13,000 | 2,500 | * | * | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 8,000 | 2,000 | 8,000 | 2,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 6,000 | 1,500 | 6,000 | 1,500 | * | * | D | D | D | D |
| Industrial engineers | 48,000 | 5,000 | 46,000 | 5,000 | D | D | D | D | S | S |
| U.S. citizen | 46,000 | 5,000 | 44,000 | 5,000 | D | D | D | D | S | S |
| Native-born | 40,000 | 5,000 | 38,000 | 4,500 | D | D | D | D | S | S |
| Naturalized | 5,000 | 2,000 | 5,000 | 2,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 3,000 | 1,500 | 3,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | S | S | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | S | S | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Mechanical engineers | 211,000 | 13,500 | 197,000 | 13,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 10,000 | 2,000 |
| U.S. citizen | 205,000 | 13,500 | 191,000 | 13,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 10,000 | 2,000 |
| Native-born | 187,000 | 12,500 | 175,000 | 12,000 | 2,000 | 500 | D | D | 9,000 | 2,000 |
| Naturalized | 18,000 | 2,500 | 17,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D | 1,000 | 500 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 7,000 | 1,500 | 6,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 3,000 | 1,000 | 3,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 4,000 | 1,000 | 3,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Postsecondary teachers - engineering | 8,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 7,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | D | D |
| U.S. citizen | 7,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 5,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | D | D |
| Native-born | 6,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 5,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | D | D |
| Naturalized | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
| Other engineers | 263,000 | 16,500 | 226,000 | 14,500 | 7,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 30,000 | 3,500 |
| U.S. citizen | 253,000 | 16,000 | 217,000 | 14,000 | 6,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 30,000 | 3,500 |
| Native-born | 234,000 | 15,000 | 202,000 | 13,500 | 4,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 28,000 | 3,500 |
| Naturalized | 19,000 | 3,000 | 15,000 | 2,500 | 2,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 1,000 | 1,000 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 10,000 | 2,500 | 9,000 | 2,500 | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 7,000 | 2,000 | 7,000 | 2,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 3,000 | 1,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 500 | D | D | D | D |
| S&E-related occupations | 4,065,000 | 88,500 | 2,958,000 | 71,000 | 211,000 | 16,500 | 492,000 | 36,000 | 403,000 | 25,500 |
| U.S. citizen | 3,872,000 | 86,500 | 2,790,000 | 69,000 | 201,000 | 16,500 | 483,000 | 35,500 | 399,000 | 25,500 |
| Native-born | 3,359,000 | 75,000 | 2,410,000 | 62,500 | 169,000 | 15,000 | 441,000 | 30,500 | 338,000 | 23,500 |
| Naturalized | 513,000 | 34,000 | 380,000 | 25,000 | 31,000 | 7,500 | 41,000 | 16,000 | 61,000 | 10,000 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 192,000 | 16,500 | 168,000 | 15,500 | 10,000 | 3,000 | 10,000 | 4,000 | 4,000 | 1,500 |
| Permanent resident | 132,000 | 13,500 | 117,000 | 13,000 | 4,000 | 2,000 | 8,000 | 4,000 | 4,000 | 1,500 |
| Temporary resident | 60,000 | 8,500 | 51,000 | 8,000 | 7,000 | 2,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D |
| Health and related | 2,451,000 | 71,000 | 1,974,000 | 62,500 | 168,000 | 15,500 | 73,000 | 9,000 | 236,000 | 20,000 |
| U.S. citizen | 2,337,000 | 69,500 | 1,869,000 | 61,500 | 164,000 | 15,000 | 71,000 | 9,000 | 233,000 | 20,000 |
| Native-born | 2,012,000 | 62,500 | 1,613,000 | 56,000 | 136,000 | 13,000 | 68,000 | 9,000 | 194,000 | 18,000 |
| Naturalized | 325,000 | 25,000 | 255,000 | 22,000 | 28,000 | 7,500 | 3,000 | 1,500 | 39,000 | 8,500 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 114,000 | 14,500 | 106,000 | 14,000 | 4,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 3,000 | 1,500 |
| Permanent resident | 86,000 | 12,500 | 80,000 | 12,000 | S | S | D | D | 3,000 | 1,500 |
| Temporary resident | 28,000 | 7,000 | 26,000 | 6,500 | 1,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D |
| S&E manager | 494,000 | 27,000 | 398,000 | 21,500 | 20,000 | 5,000 | D | D | 77,000 | 9,500 |
| U.S. citizen | 469,000 | 26,500 | 373,000 | 21,000 | 20,000 | 5,000 | D | D | 77,000 | 9,500 |
| Native-born | 430,000 | 24,500 | 338,000 | 19,500 | 19,000 | 5,000 | D | D | 73,000 | 9,500 |
| Naturalized | 40,000 | 7,500 | 35,000 | 7,500 | D | D | D | D | 4,000 | 2,000 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 25,000 | 4,000 | 25,000 | 4,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 13,000 | 3,000 | 13,000 | 3,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 12,000 | 2,500 | 12,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| S&E precollege teacher | 414,000 | 34,500 | D | D | D | D | 414,000 | 34,500 | D | D |
| U.S. citizen | 408,000 | 34,000 | D | D | D | D | 408,000 | 34,000 | D | D |
| Native-born | 370,000 | 29,500 | D | D | D | D | 370,000 | 29,500 | D | D |
| Naturalized | 38,000 | 16,000 | D | D | D | D | 38,000 | 16,000 | D | D |
| Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | D | D | D | D | S | S | D | D |
| Permanent resident | S | S | D | D | D | D | S | S | D | D |
| Temporary resident | S | S | D | D | D | D | S | S | D | D |
| S&E technician/ technologist | 584,000 | 24,000 | 475,000 | 21,500 | 24,000 | 3,500 | S | S | 82,000 | 10,000 |
| U.S. citizen | 545,000 | 24,000 | 444,000 | 21,000 | 17,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 81,000 | 10,000 |
| Native-born | 446,000 | 22,500 | 365,000 | 20,000 | 15,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 63,000 | 8,500 |
| Naturalized | 99,000 | 9,500 | 79,000 | 8,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 18,000 | 5,000 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 39,000 | 5,500 | 30,000 | 4,500 | 7,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 23,000 | 4,500 | 20,000 | 4,000 | S | S | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 16,000 | 4,000 | 10,000 | 3,500 | 5,000 | 2,000 | D | D | D | D |
| Other S&E-related | 121,000 | 12,000 | 111,000 | 11,500 | D | D | S | S | 8,000 | 3,500 |
| U.S. citizen | 113,000 | 11,000 | 104,000 | 11,000 | D | D | D | D | 8,000 | 3,500 |
| Native-born | 101,000 | 11,000 | 93,000 | 11,000 | D | D | D | D | 8,000 | 3,500 |
| Naturalized | 12,000 | 3,000 | 11,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 8,000 | 2,500 | 7,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 4,000 | 2,000 | 4,000 | 2,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 3,000 | 1,500 | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Non-S&E occupations | 6,079,000 | 138,500 | 4,641,000 | 108,000 | 188,000 | 15,500 | 490,000 | 29,000 | 760,000 | 33,500 |
| U.S. citizen | 5,840,000 | 133,500 | 4,429,000 | 103,000 | 184,000 | 15,500 | 473,000 | 29,000 | 754,000 | 33,500 |
| Native-born | 5,276,000 | 127,000 | 3,970,000 | 97,500 | 170,000 | 15,000 | 436,000 | 27,500 | 700,000 | 32,500 |
| Naturalized | 563,000 | 23,500 | 459,000 | 21,500 | 14,000 | 3,000 | 37,000 | 5,000 | 54,000 | 5,500 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 239,000 | 16,500 | 212,000 | 16,000 | 4,000 | 1,500 | 17,000 | 4,000 | 6,000 | 2,500 |
| Permanent resident | 185,000 | 14,500 | 162,000 | 13,500 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 16,000 | 3,500 | 6,000 | 2,500 |
| Temporary resident | 54,000 | 8,500 | 50,000 | 8,500 | 3,000 | 1,000 | S | S | D | D |
| Arts/ humanities/ related | 191,000 | 17,500 | 179,000 | 17,500 | 8,000 | 3,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 3,000 | 1,000 |
| U.S. citizen | 188,000 | 17,000 | 175,000 | 17,000 | 8,000 | 3,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 3,000 | 1,000 |
| Native-born | 176,000 | 16,500 | 164,000 | 16,000 | 7,000 | 3,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 3,000 | 1,000 |
| Naturalized | 12,000 | 4,500 | 12,000 | 4,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Management-related | 1,061,000 | 37,500 | 894,000 | 34,500 | 18,000 | 4,000 | 12,000 | 3,500 | 136,000 | 12,000 |
| U.S. citizen | 1,011,000 | 35,500 | 846,000 | 32,000 | 18,000 | 4,000 | 11,000 | 3,500 | 136,000 | 12,000 |
| Native-born | 900,000 | 34,000 | 751,000 | 32,000 | 16,000 | 3,500 | 10,000 | 3,000 | 124,000 | 11,500 |
| Naturalized | 111,000 | 8,500 | 95,000 | 7,500 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 12,000 | 3,000 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 50,000 | 7,000 | 49,000 | 7,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 37,000 | 6,000 | 36,000 | 6,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 13,000 | 4,000 | 13,000 | 4,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Non-S&E manager | 856,000 | 32,500 | 740,000 | 30,000 | 15,000 | 4,000 | 14,000 | 4,000 | 87,000 | 9,500 |
| U.S. citizen | 827,000 | 32,000 | 712,000 | 29,000 | 15,000 | 4,000 | 13,000 | 4,000 | 87,000 | 9,500 |
| Native-born | 760,000 | 31,500 | 648,000 | 28,000 | 14,000 | 4,000 | 13,000 | 4,000 | 84,000 | 9,500 |
| Naturalized | 68,000 | 7,000 | 64,000 | 7,000 | D | D | D | D | 3,000 | 1,500 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 28,000 | 5,000 | 28,000 | 5,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 18,000 | 3,500 | 17,000 | 3,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 11,000 | 4,000 | 11,000 | 4,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Non-S&E postsecondary teacher | 32,000 | 6,500 | D | D | 20,000 | 3,500 | 12,000 | 5,000 | D | D |
| U.S. citizen | 28,000 | 5,500 | D | D | 18,000 | 3,500 | 10,000 | 4,000 | D | D |
| Native-born | 26,000 | 5,500 | D | D | 16,000 | 3,000 | 10,000 | 4,000 | D | D |
| Naturalized | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 2,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 4,000 | 1,500 | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 2,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Non-S&E precollege/ other teacher | 357,000 | 24,500 | D | D | D | D | 357,000 | 24,500 | D | D |
| U.S. citizen | 345,000 | 24,000 | D | D | D | D | 345,000 | 24,000 | D | D |
| Native-born | 320,000 | 22,500 | D | D | D | D | 320,000 | 22,500 | D | D |
| Naturalized | 25,000 | 5,000 | D | D | D | D | 25,000 | 5,000 | D | D |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 11,000 | 3,500 | D | D | D | D | 11,000 | 3,500 | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 11,000 | 3,500 | D | D | D | D | 11,000 | 3,500 | D | D |
| Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Sales/ marketing | 1,088,000 | 49,000 | 1,072,000 | 49,000 | 6,000 | 3,500 | S | S | 8,000 | 2,500 |
| U.S. citizen | 1,055,000 | 48,000 | 1,040,000 | 48,000 | S | S | S | S | 8,000 | 2,500 |
| Native-born | 944,000 | 46,000 | 930,000 | 46,000 | S | S | S | S | 6,000 | 2,500 |
| Naturalized | 111,000 | 9,000 | 109,000 | 9,000 | D | D | D | D | S | S |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 32,000 | 4,500 | 32,000 | 4,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Permanent resident | 29,000 | 4,500 | 29,000 | 4,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | 4,000 | 1,500 | 4,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Social service/ related | 319,000 | 20,500 | 177,000 | 14,500 | 22,000 | 5,000 | 25,000 | 6,000 | 95,000 | 11,000 |
| U.S. citizen | 312,000 | 20,000 | 174,000 | 14,500 | 22,000 | 5,000 | 25,000 | 6,000 | 91,000 | 10,500 |
| Native-born | 294,000 | 19,500 | 167,000 | 14,500 | 21,000 | 5,000 | 23,000 | 5,500 | 82,000 | 10,500 |
| Naturalized | 18,000 | 3,500 | 6,000 | 2,000 | S | S | D | D | 9,000 | 2,500 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 7,000 | 2,500 | 3,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D | S | S |
| Permanent resident | 6,000 | 2,000 | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Other non-S&E | 2,176,000 | 69,000 | 1,580,000 | 52,000 | 99,000 | 11,500 | 67,000 | 8,500 | 431,000 | 28,500 |
| U.S. citizen | 2,072,000 | 67,500 | 1,483,000 | 50,000 | 96,000 | 11,500 | 65,000 | 8,500 | 428,000 | 28,000 |
| Native-born | 1,857,000 | 64,000 | 1,310,000 | 46,500 | 89,000 | 11,500 | 57,000 | 8,500 | 400,000 | 28,000 |
| Naturalized | 216,000 | 15,000 | 172,000 | 13,500 | 7,000 | 2,500 | 8,000 | 2,500 | 28,000 | 4,000 |
| Non-U.S. citizen | 104,000 | 13,000 | 97,000 | 12,500 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | 3,000 | 1,500 |
| Permanent resident | 82,000 | 11,000 | 77,000 | 11,000 | 1,000 | 500 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 3,000 | 1,500 |
| Temporary resident | 22,000 | 6,500 | 20,000 | 6,500 | 1,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D |
| Data codes used in these tables: * = value < 500. D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. S = suppressed for reliability; coefficient of variation exceeds publication standards. |
| Abbreviations used in these tables: S&E = science and engineering; SE = standard error. |
| NOTES: Numbers are rounded to the nearest 1,000. Standard errors for numbers are rounded up to the nearest 500. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Scientists and engineers are bachelor's and higher degreed individuals living in the United States with an S&E or S&E-related degree or occupation. See appendix for additional details on coverage, eligibility, educational field classification, and occupational classification. Business/industry includes self-employed individuals, nonprofit organizations, and other unspecified types of employers. Four-year college/university includes medical schools and university-affiliated research institutes. Other educational institution includes 2-year colleges, precollege institutions, and other educational institutions. Government includes federal (civilian), military, state, and local employers. |
| SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): 2013. |
| Data from survey cycle 2013, as of 24 February 2015. |
