Table 14-2. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers with a bachelor's as the highest degree, by occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2013 |
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status | Sector of employment | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Employed scientists and engineers | Business/ industry | 4-year college/ university | Other educational institution | Government | ||||||
Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | Median salary | SE | |
Bachelor's | 58,000 | 1,500 | 61,000 | 2,000 | 40,000 | 2,500 | 40,000 | 1,500 | 61,000 | 2,000 |
U.S. citizen | 58,000 | 1,500 | 60,000 | 2,000 | 40,000 | 2,000 | 40,000 | 1,000 | 61,000 | 2,000 |
Native-born | 58,000 | 1,000 | 61,000 | 2,000 | 39,000 | 1,000 | 40,000 | 500 | 61,000 | 2,000 |
Naturalized | 60,000 | 2,000 | 60,000 | 500 | 54,000 | 6,000 | 25,000 | 9,000 | 65,000 | 2,000 |
Non-U.S. citizen | 60,000 | 3,500 | 65,000 | 3,500 | 21,000 | 1,000 | 30,000 | 8,000 | 41,000 | 6,000 |
Permanent resident | 50,000 | 3,500 | 55,000 | 4,500 | 30,000 | 13,000 | 30,000 | 8,000 | 41,000 | 5,000 |
Temporary resident | 75,000 | 3,500 | 81,000 | 4,000 | 20,000 | 500 | S | S | S | S |
S&E occupations | 76,000 | 2,000 | 82,000 | 3,000 | 28,000 | 1,500 | 46,000 | 4,000 | 72,000 | 2,000 |
U.S. citizen | 76,000 | 1,500 | 81,000 | 1,500 | 30,000 | 500 | 46,000 | 4,500 | 72,000 | 2,000 |
Native-born | 75,000 | 1,500 | 80,000 | 500 | 30,000 | 3,000 | 45,000 | 3,500 | 72,000 | 2,000 |
Naturalized | 81,000 | 3,500 | 89,000 | 3,000 | 50,000 | 2,500 | 63,000 | 10,500 | 74,000 | 9,500 |
Non-U.S. citizen | 77,000 | 5,500 | 85,000 | 2,000 | 21,000 | 1,000 | S | S | S | S |
Permanent resident | 80,000 | 9,000 | 86,000 | 7,000 | 26,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | 75,000 | 4,500 | 84,000 | 1,500 | 20,000 | 1,500 | D | D | S | S |
Science occupations | 72,000 | 1,000 | 80,000 | 500 | 29,000 | 2,000 | 46,000 | 4,000 | 69,000 | 4,000 |
U.S. citizen | 72,000 | 1,500 | 80,000 | 500 | 30,000 | 2,000 | 46,000 | 4,000 | 69,000 | 4,000 |
Native-born | 70,000 | 1,000 | 77,000 | 2,500 | 30,000 | 1,500 | 45,000 | 5,000 | 69,000 | 2,500 |
Naturalized | 80,000 | 1,500 | 89,000 | 1,500 | 50,000 | 3,000 | 63,000 | 11,500 | 60,000 | 8,500 |
Non-U.S. citizen | 76,000 | 5,000 | 85,000 | 2,000 | 21,000 | 1,000 | S | S | 53,000 | 16,500 |
Permanent resident | 75,000 | 13,000 | 82,000 | 10,000 | 26,000 | 3,000 | D | D | * | * |
Temporary resident | 75,000 | 5,500 | 85,000 | 1,500 | 20,000 | 1,500 | D | D | S | S |
Biological/ agricultural/ other life scientists | 45,000 | 2,500 | 55,000 | 6,000 | 27,000 | 1,000 | 32,000 | 10,000 | 60,000 | 3,000 |
U.S. citizen | 46,000 | 3,000 | 55,000 | 5,500 | 28,000 | 1,500 | 32,000 | 10,000 | 60,000 | 3,000 |
Native-born | 45,000 | 3,000 | 53,000 | 6,000 | 27,000 | 2,000 | 34,000 | 11,000 | 60,000 | 4,000 |
Naturalized | 54,000 | 8,000 | 74,000 | 10,000 | 36,000 | 5,500 | D | D | S | S |
Non-U.S. citizen | 26,000 | 2,000 | 62,000 | 7,000 | 24,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | 30,000 | 11,000 | 62,000 | 8,500 | 26,000 | 500 | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | 22,000 | 1,000 | * | * | 22,000 | 500 | D | D | D | D |
Agricultural/ food sciences | 49,000 | 2,000 | 52,000 | 5,500 | 21,000 | 5,500 | D | D | 48,000 | 5,500 |
U.S. citizen | 50,000 | 2,000 | 52,000 | 5,000 | 23,000 | 5,000 | D | D | 48,000 | 5,500 |
Native-born | 49,000 | 3,000 | 52,000 | 8,000 | 20,000 | 5,500 | D | D | 46,000 | 5,500 |
Naturalized | 47,000 | 3,000 | 47,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Biological and medical scientists | 44,000 | 2,500 | 60,000 | 4,500 | 28,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 63,000 | 5,000 |
U.S. citizen | 46,000 | 4,500 | 60,000 | 4,500 | 29,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 63,000 | 5,000 |
Native-born | 45,000 | 3,500 | 56,000 | 7,500 | 28,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 64,000 | 4,500 |
Naturalized | 59,000 | 1,500 | 82,000 | 7,500 | 35,000 | 10,000 | D | D | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | 26,000 | 1,500 | 64,000 | 12,000 | 25,000 | 2,000 | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | 27,000 | 3,000 | 65,000 | 21,500 | 26,000 | 500 | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Environmental life scientists | 50,000 | 4,500 | 45,000 | 3,000 | S | S | D | D | 60,000 | 3,000 |
U.S. citizen | 50,000 | 7,000 | 45,000 | 6,500 | S | S | D | D | 60,000 | 3,000 |
Native-born | 51,000 | 7,000 | 44,000 | 6,500 | S | S | D | D | 60,000 | 3,000 |
Naturalized | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Postsecondary teachers - life/ related sciences | 18,000 | 3,500 | D | D | 18,000 | 3,000 | 35,000 | 11,500 | D | D |
U.S. citizen | 20,000 | 4,500 | D | D | 18,000 | 4,000 | 35,000 | 11,500 | D | D |
Native-born | 19,000 | 4,500 | D | D | 18,000 | 4,000 | 35,000 | 11,500 | D | D |
Naturalized | * | * | D | D | * | * | D | D | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Computer/ mathematical scientists | 80,000 | 500 | 83,000 | 2,000 | 50,000 | 1,500 | 49,000 | 5,000 | 73,000 | 3,000 |
U.S. citizen | 79,000 | 2,500 | 82,000 | 2,000 | 51,000 | 1,000 | 49,000 | 5,000 | 73,000 | 3,000 |
Native-born | 77,000 | 2,500 | 80,000 | 2,000 | 51,000 | 2,000 | 46,000 | 5,500 | 73,000 | 3,000 |
Naturalized | 85,000 | 3,500 | 90,000 | 1,500 | 54,000 | 2,000 | 63,000 | 2,000 | 65,000 | 14,500 |
Non-U.S. citizen | 85,000 | 4,000 | 85,000 | 3,500 | 25,000 | 9,000 | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | 86,000 | 8,500 | 86,000 | 7,500 | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | 84,000 | 4,500 | 85,000 | 1,500 | 20,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D |
Computer and information scientists | 80,000 | 500 | 84,000 | 2,000 | 52,000 | 3,000 | 56,000 | 5,500 | 74,000 | 3,000 |
U.S. citizen | 80,000 | 500 | 83,000 | 2,500 | 54,000 | 3,000 | 55,000 | 5,500 | 74,000 | 3,000 |
Native-born | 80,000 | 2,000 | 81,000 | 2,500 | 52,000 | 3,500 | 55,000 | 5,500 | 75,000 | 2,500 |
Naturalized | 86,000 | 4,000 | 90,000 | 2,000 | 54,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 65,000 | 15,000 |
Non-U.S. citizen | 85,000 | 2,000 | 85,000 | 4,000 | 35,000 | 16,000 | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | 86,000 | 8,000 | 86,000 | 7,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | 84,000 | 2,000 | 85,000 | 2,000 | 18,000 | 4,000 | D | D | D | D |
Mathematical scientists | 60,000 | 6,000 | 64,000 | 4,000 | 37,000 | 6,000 | D | D | S | S |
U.S. citizen | 61,000 | 6,000 | 64,000 | 3,500 | 40,000 | 5,500 | D | D | S | S |
Native-born | 57,000 | 8,000 | 64,000 | 3,000 | 40,000 | 5,500 | D | D | S | S |
Naturalized | 63,000 | 1,000 | 61,000 | 8,000 | D | D | D | D | S | S |
Non-U.S. citizen | 40,000 | 7,000 | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Postsecondary teachers - computer/ math sciences | 13,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 15,000 | 4,000 | 12,000 | 2,000 | D | D |
U.S. citizen | 12,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 13,000 | 1,500 | 12,000 | 2,000 | D | D |
Native-born | 12,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 13,000 | 1,500 | 12,000 | 1,500 | D | D |
Naturalized | * | * | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | 21,000 | 5,500 | D | D | 21,000 | 5,500 | D | D | D | D |
Physical/ related scientists | 53,000 | 2,500 | 60,000 | 1,000 | 22,000 | 1,500 | S | S | 66,000 | 2,500 |
U.S. citizen | 56,000 | 2,500 | 60,000 | 2,000 | 23,000 | 1,500 | S | S | 66,000 | 2,500 |
Native-born | 55,000 | 2,500 | 59,000 | 3,500 | 22,000 | 1,000 | S | S | 67,000 | 2,500 |
Naturalized | 57,000 | 5,500 | 73,000 | 1,500 | 29,000 | 3,500 | D | D | 57,000 | 3,000 |
Non-U.S. citizen | 20,000 | 2,000 | 62,000 | 17,000 | 20,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | 57,000 | 6,000 | 62,000 | 16,500 | * | * | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | 20,000 | 1,000 | * | * | 20,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D |
Chemists, except biochemists | 54,000 | 3,500 | 60,000 | 1,000 | 23,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 58,000 | 5,500 |
U.S. citizen | 55,000 | 3,500 | 60,000 | 1,000 | 23,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 59,000 | 5,000 |
Native-born | 54,000 | 3,000 | 60,000 | 3,500 | 23,000 | 2,500 | D | D | 60,000 | 7,500 |
Naturalized | 68,000 | 10,500 | 74,000 | 1,500 | S | S | D | D | 57,000 | 3,000 |
Non-U.S. citizen | 23,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 22,000 | 500 | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | 22,000 | 500 | D | D | 22,000 | 500 | D | D | D | D |
Earth/ atmospheric/ ocean scientists | 70,000 | 1,500 | 70,000 | 4,500 | 22,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 81,000 | 10,000 |
U.S. citizen | 70,000 | 1,500 | 70,000 | 5,500 | 26,000 | 4,500 | D | D | 81,000 | 10,000 |
Native-born | 70,000 | 1,500 | 70,000 | 7,000 | 26,000 | 4,000 | D | D | 81,000 | 8,000 |
Naturalized | * | * | * | * | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | * | * | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | * | * | * | * | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Physicists and astronomers | 30,000 | 3,000 | 95,000 | 35,500 | 25,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 80,000 | 15,500 |
U.S. citizen | 33,000 | 5,500 | 97,000 | 45,500 | 29,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 84,000 | 15,000 |
Native-born | 35,000 | 10,000 | 99,000 | 48,000 | 24,000 | 4,000 | D | D | 89,000 | 14,000 |
Naturalized | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | 20,000 | 4,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | 19,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Postsecondary teachers - physical/ related sciences | 20,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 20,000 | 1,000 | S | S | D | D |
U.S. citizen | 20,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 21,000 | 2,000 | S | S | D | D |
Native-born | 20,000 | 3,000 | D | D | 21,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D |
Naturalized | * | * | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Other physical/ related scientists | 52,000 | 3,000 | 49,000 | 3,000 | D | D | D | D | 60,000 | 7,000 |
U.S. citizen | 53,000 | 3,000 | 48,000 | 3,000 | D | D | D | D | 61,000 | 6,500 |
Native-born | 52,000 | 3,500 | 47,000 | 3,000 | D | D | D | D | 63,000 | 7,000 |
Naturalized | 53,000 | 10,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 51,000 | 6,000 |
Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Social science, psychology | 45,000 | 2,500 | 45,000 | 9,500 | 16,000 | 2,000 | 36,000 | 13,500 | 64,000 | 4,000 |
U.S. citizen | 45,000 | 4,500 | 49,000 | 11,000 | 17,000 | 2,000 | 37,000 | 6,500 | 64,000 | 4,000 |
Native-born | 46,000 | 4,500 | 48,000 | 11,000 | 16,000 | 2,000 | 37,000 | 8,000 | 64,000 | 3,000 |
Naturalized | 34,000 | 13,000 | D | D | S | S | D | D | 32,000 | 6,500 |
Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | S | S | 16,000 | 2,000 | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | S | S | S | S | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | 17,000 | 2,500 | D | D | 17,000 | 3,000 | D | D | D | D |
Economists | S | S | 67,000 | 9,000 | 16,000 | 500 | D | D | S | S |
U.S. citizen | 82,000 | 34,500 | 66,000 | 8,500 | S | S | D | D | S | S |
Native-born | 82,000 | 35,500 | 60,000 | 6,000 | S | S | D | D | S | S |
Naturalized | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | 16,000 | 500 | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Political scientists | 61,000 | 6,000 | 60,000 | 11,000 | D | D | D | D | 72,000 | 22,500 |
U.S. citizen | 61,000 | 7,500 | 60,000 | 11,000 | S | S | D | D | 72,000 | 22,500 |
Native-born | 61,000 | 7,000 | S | S | S | S | D | D | 71,000 | 20,000 |
Naturalized | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Postsecondary teachers - social/ related sciences | 16,000 | 6,000 | D | D | 16,000 | 4,500 | 23,000 | 11,000 | D | D |
U.S. citizen | 20,000 | 7,000 | D | D | 16,000 | 8,500 | S | S | D | D |
Native-born | 20,000 | 7,000 | D | D | 16,000 | 7,500 | S | S | D | D |
Naturalized | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Psychologists | 24,000 | 10,000 | 37,000 | 7,000 | 16,000 | 3,000 | S | S | S | S |
U.S. citizen | S | S | 38,000 | 7,000 | 16,000 | 3,000 | S | S | S | S |
Native-born | S | S | 38,000 | 7,000 | 16,000 | 3,000 | S | S | S | S |
Naturalized | S | S | D | D | * | * | D | D | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Sociologists and anthropologists | 39,000 | 4,000 | 40,000 | 4,000 | 12,000 | 5,500 | D | D | S | S |
U.S. citizen | 39,000 | 4,000 | 40,000 | 4,000 | 12,000 | 5,500 | D | D | S | S |
Native-born | 39,000 | 3,500 | 40,000 | 4,000 | 13,000 | 6,000 | D | D | S | S |
Naturalized | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Other social and related scientists | 55,000 | 4,000 | 56,000 | 11,000 | 22,000 | 3,500 | D | D | 59,000 | 10,500 |
U.S. citizen | 56,000 | 4,000 | 57,000 | 4,000 | 23,000 | 7,000 | D | D | 59,000 | 10,500 |
Native-born | 58,000 | 3,500 | 56,000 | 4,500 | 22,000 | 6,500 | D | D | 63,000 | 6,000 |
Naturalized | 32,000 | 12,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 31,000 | 6,500 |
Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | S | S | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Engineering occupations | 85,000 | 1,000 | 85,000 | 1,500 | 25,000 | 1,000 | 55,000 | 16,500 | 85,000 | 2,000 |
U.S. citizen | 85,000 | 500 | 85,000 | 1,500 | 25,000 | 1,500 | 57,000 | 21,500 | 85,000 | 2,000 |
Native-born | 85,000 | 1,000 | 85,000 | 1,500 | 25,000 | 1,000 | 57,000 | 13,500 | 83,000 | 2,500 |
Naturalized | 85,000 | 1,500 | 85,000 | 2,000 | S | S | D | D | 90,000 | 1,500 |
Non-U.S. citizen | 80,000 | 4,500 | 89,000 | 6,500 | 22,000 | 3,500 | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | 97,000 | 9,500 | 98,000 | 7,500 | * | * | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | 69,000 | 13,500 | 80,000 | 3,000 | 21,000 | 4,000 | D | D | D | D |
Aeronautical/ aerospace/ astronautical engineers | 95,000 | 6,000 | 95,000 | 6,000 | 37,000 | 14,000 | D | D | 110,000 | 23,000 |
U.S. citizen | 95,000 | 7,000 | 93,000 | 6,000 | S | S | D | D | 110,000 | 23,000 |
Native-born | 95,000 | 9,000 | 93,000 | 9,000 | D | D | D | D | 109,000 | 18,500 |
Naturalized | 94,000 | 6,000 | 93,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D | S | S |
Non-U.S. citizen | 96,000 | 22,000 | 100,000 | 6,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Chemical engineers | 95,000 | 2,000 | 95,000 | 4,000 | 26,000 | 2,500 | D | D | * | * |
U.S. citizen | 95,000 | 2,000 | 95,000 | 4,500 | 25,000 | 2,000 | D | D | * | * |
Native-born | 95,000 | 5,000 | 100,000 | 6,000 | 26,000 | 2,500 | D | D | * | * |
Naturalized | 76,000 | 3,000 | 76,000 | 3,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | 69,000 | 17,000 | 75,000 | 24,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Civil, including architectural/ sanitary engineers | 75,000 | 500 | 70,000 | 1,000 | D | D | D | D | 83,000 | 4,000 |
U.S. citizen | 75,000 | 2,000 | 70,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D | 84,000 | 4,000 |
Native-born | 75,000 | 2,500 | 70,000 | 1,000 | S | S | D | D | 80,000 | 4,000 |
Naturalized | 89,000 | 2,000 | 75,000 | 9,000 | D | D | D | D | 90,000 | 4,500 |
Non-U.S. citizen | 56,000 | 11,500 | 62,000 | 8,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | 64,000 | 3,000 | 64,000 | 4,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | 28,000 | 4,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Electrical/ computer hardware engineers | 91,000 | 2,500 | 93,000 | 3,000 | S | S | S | S | 90,000 | 5,000 |
U.S. citizen | 90,000 | 2,000 | 91,000 | 4,000 | S | S | D | D | 90,000 | 5,000 |
Native-born | 90,000 | 2,500 | 92,000 | 4,000 | S | S | D | D | 90,000 | 8,000 |
Naturalized | 88,000 | 4,500 | 87,000 | 6,000 | D | D | D | D | 90,000 | 3,000 |
Non-U.S. citizen | 100,000 | 9,000 | 104,000 | 9,000 | * | * | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | 104,000 | 8,000 | 104,000 | 8,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | 93,000 | 4,000 | 94,000 | 5,000 | * | * | D | D | D | D |
Industrial engineers | 76,000 | 4,000 | 76,000 | 3,000 | D | D | D | D | S | S |
U.S. citizen | 76,000 | 4,000 | 76,000 | 3,500 | D | D | D | D | S | S |
Native-born | 75,000 | 3,500 | 75,000 | 4,000 | D | D | D | D | S | S |
Naturalized | 79,000 | 1,500 | 79,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | 71,000 | 5,500 | 71,000 | 5,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | S | S | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | S | S | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Mechanical engineers | 82,000 | 3,000 | 82,000 | 2,500 | 22,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 84,000 | 7,500 |
U.S. citizen | 82,000 | 2,500 | 82,000 | 2,500 | 21,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 84,000 | 7,500 |
Native-born | 82,000 | 2,500 | 82,000 | 3,000 | 22,000 | 3,500 | D | D | 85,000 | 8,000 |
Naturalized | 80,000 | 3,000 | 80,000 | 5,000 | D | D | D | D | 71,000 | 30,000 |
Non-U.S. citizen | 60,000 | 13,000 | 70,000 | 12,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | 82,000 | 11,500 | 82,000 | 11,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | 57,000 | 2,500 | 58,000 | 8,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Postsecondary teachers - engineering | 23,000 | 4,000 | D | D | 22,000 | 11,000 | D | D | D | D |
U.S. citizen | 25,000 | 4,500 | D | D | 24,000 | 4,500 | D | D | D | D |
Native-born | 25,000 | 5,000 | D | D | 24,000 | 3,000 | D | D | D | D |
Naturalized | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | S | S | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Other engineers | 90,000 | 3,500 | 90,000 | 1,000 | 25,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 82,000 | 5,000 |
U.S. citizen | 90,000 | 2,500 | 90,000 | 1,500 | 25,000 | 1,000 | D | D | 82,000 | 5,000 |
Native-born | 90,000 | 2,000 | 90,000 | 3,000 | 24,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 83,000 | 4,000 |
Naturalized | 84,000 | 7,500 | 87,000 | 2,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | 75,000 | 6,000 | 78,000 | 13,000 | 22,000 | 2,000 | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | 103,000 | 41,000 | 104,000 | 38,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | 45,000 | 6,000 | 45,000 | 10,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
S&E-related occupations | 58,000 | 2,000 | 60,000 | 500 | 55,000 | 4,000 | 42,000 | 1,000 | 59,000 | 2,000 |
U.S. citizen | 57,000 | 2,000 | 60,000 | 500 | 57,000 | 5,000 | 42,000 | 1,000 | 59,000 | 2,500 |
Native-born | 56,000 | 1,000 | 60,000 | 500 | 53,000 | 4,500 | 42,000 | 1,500 | 58,000 | 1,500 |
Naturalized | 60,000 | 2,000 | 60,000 | 2,500 | 74,000 | 500 | S | S | 68,000 | 3,500 |
Non-U.S. citizen | 64,000 | 5,000 | 69,000 | 3,000 | 24,000 | 3,500 | 44,000 | 2,000 | 55,000 | 19,500 |
Permanent resident | 59,000 | 1,500 | 60,000 | 3,000 | S | S | 44,000 | 1,000 | 46,000 | 20,000 |
Temporary resident | 81,000 | 6,000 | 85,000 | 1,500 | 20,000 | 1,000 | S | S | D | D |
Health and related | 53,000 | 2,000 | 53,000 | 2,500 | 57,000 | 5,000 | 47,000 | 1,000 | 51,000 | 4,500 |
U.S. citizen | 52,000 | 1,500 | 52,000 | 2,000 | 57,000 | 5,000 | 47,000 | 500 | 51,000 | 4,000 |
Native-born | 51,000 | 2,500 | 52,000 | 1,500 | 53,000 | 4,500 | 47,000 | 1,000 | 50,000 | 2,500 |
Naturalized | 59,000 | 3,000 | 56,000 | 6,000 | 74,000 | 500 | D | D | 64,000 | 12,500 |
Non-U.S. citizen | 59,000 | 2,000 | 59,000 | 3,000 | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | 58,000 | 3,500 | 58,000 | 3,500 | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | 83,000 | 2,500 | 84,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
S&E manager | 104,000 | 3,500 | 109,000 | 2,000 | 94,000 | 25,500 | D | D | 85,000 | 3,000 |
U.S. citizen | 104,000 | 3,500 | 110,000 | 2,000 | 94,000 | 25,500 | D | D | 85,000 | 3,000 |
Native-born | 104,000 | 3,500 | 109,000 | 2,000 | 80,000 | 24,500 | D | D | 85,000 | 2,000 |
Naturalized | 105,000 | 15,500 | 110,000 | 20,500 | D | D | D | D | 93,000 | 2,000 |
Non-U.S. citizen | 101,000 | 15,500 | 102,000 | 16,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | 123,000 | 9,000 | 123,000 | 8,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | 83,000 | 12,000 | 83,000 | 12,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
S&E precollege teacher | 41,000 | 2,000 | D | D | D | D | 41,000 | 2,000 | D | D |
U.S. citizen | 40,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D | 40,000 | 2,500 | D | D |
Native-born | 41,000 | 2,000 | D | D | D | D | 41,000 | 2,000 | D | D |
Naturalized | S | S | D | D | D | D | S | S | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | D | D | D | D | S | S | D | D |
Permanent resident | S | S | D | D | D | D | S | S | D | D |
Temporary resident | S | S | D | D | D | D | S | S | D | D |
S&E technician/ technologist | 65,000 | 2,000 | 70,000 | 2,500 | 37,000 | 2,000 | S | S | 59,000 | 4,500 |
U.S. citizen | 65,000 | 1,500 | 68,000 | 4,000 | 39,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 59,000 | 5,000 |
Native-born | 65,000 | 2,500 | 70,000 | 2,000 | 39,000 | 2,000 | D | D | 58,000 | 3,000 |
Naturalized | 63,000 | 5,000 | 60,000 | 7,000 | 46,000 | 4,000 | D | D | 68,000 | 3,000 |
Non-U.S. citizen | 71,000 | 14,000 | 76,000 | 4,500 | 20,000 | 2,000 | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | 62,000 | 9,500 | 73,000 | 18,000 | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | 73,000 | 8,000 | 77,000 | 3,000 | 20,000 | 500 | D | D | D | D |
Other S&E-related | 69,000 | 6,500 | 65,000 | 10,500 | D | D | S | S | 70,000 | 19,500 |
U.S. citizen | 70,000 | 6,500 | 68,000 | 10,000 | D | D | D | D | 70,000 | 19,500 |
Native-born | 70,000 | 7,000 | 66,000 | 10,500 | D | D | D | D | 73,000 | 21,500 |
Naturalized | 66,000 | 20,000 | 70,000 | 22,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | 63,000 | 30,000 | 63,000 | 24,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | 63,000 | 18,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Non-S&E occupations | 48,000 | 500 | 50,000 | 1,500 | 35,000 | 2,500 | 33,000 | 3,000 | 54,000 | 2,500 |
U.S. citizen | 48,000 | 1,000 | 50,000 | 500 | 35,000 | 3,000 | 34,000 | 3,000 | 55,000 | 2,000 |
Native-born | 49,000 | 2,000 | 50,000 | 500 | 36,000 | 3,000 | 35,000 | 2,000 | 55,000 | 2,500 |
Naturalized | 42,000 | 2,500 | 42,000 | 3,500 | 32,000 | 13,000 | 22,000 | 1,000 | 55,000 | 2,500 |
Non-U.S. citizen | 31,000 | 4,000 | 34,000 | 5,500 | 15,000 | 6,000 | 21,000 | 3,000 | S | S |
Permanent resident | 30,000 | 2,500 | 30,000 | 1,000 | 36,000 | 10,500 | 22,000 | 3,000 | S | S |
Temporary resident | 48,000 | 2,500 | 49,000 | 6,000 | 10,000 | 3,000 | S | S | D | D |
Arts/ humanities/ related | 35,000 | 5,000 | 35,000 | 6,500 | 23,000 | 10,000 | D | D | 56,000 | 20,500 |
U.S. citizen | 35,000 | 5,000 | 35,000 | 6,500 | 23,000 | 10,000 | D | D | 56,000 | 20,500 |
Native-born | 38,000 | 6,000 | 39,000 | 6,000 | 20,000 | 8,500 | D | D | 56,000 | 20,500 |
Naturalized | S | S | 18,000 | 8,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Management-related | 65,000 | 500 | 65,000 | 1,500 | 47,000 | 13,500 | 41,000 | 2,500 | 65,000 | 5,000 |
U.S. citizen | 65,000 | 500 | 65,000 | 1,000 | 46,000 | 13,000 | 41,000 | 3,000 | 65,000 | 5,000 |
Native-born | 66,000 | 3,000 | 68,000 | 3,500 | 45,000 | 13,000 | 41,000 | 2,500 | 65,000 | 6,000 |
Naturalized | 52,000 | 5,000 | 50,000 | 1,500 | D | D | 37,000 | 18,500 | 65,000 | 4,000 |
Non-U.S. citizen | 65,000 | 20,000 | 66,000 | 21,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | 55,000 | 15,000 | 58,000 | 14,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | 115,000 | 29,000 | 116,000 | 28,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Non-S&E manager | 100,000 | 3,000 | 104,000 | 2,500 | 80,000 | 9,500 | 52,000 | 8,000 | 91,000 | 8,500 |
U.S. citizen | 100,000 | 3,500 | 104,000 | 2,000 | 80,000 | 9,500 | 51,000 | 8,500 | 91,000 | 8,500 |
Native-born | 100,000 | 4,000 | 104,000 | 2,000 | 80,000 | 12,500 | 51,000 | 8,000 | 90,000 | 8,500 |
Naturalized | 100,000 | 5,000 | 100,000 | 6,500 | D | D | D | D | 94,000 | 25,000 |
Non-U.S. citizen | 96,000 | 8,500 | 96,000 | 8,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | 100,000 | 21,000 | 99,000 | 19,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | S | S | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Non-S&E postsecondary teacher | 20,000 | 5,500 | D | D | 12,000 | 4,500 | 52,000 | 24,000 | D | D |
U.S. citizen | 18,000 | 5,500 | D | D | 12,000 | 5,500 | S | S | D | D |
Native-born | 18,000 | 6,500 | D | D | 14,000 | 6,000 | S | S | D | D |
Naturalized | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | D | D | D | D | S | S | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Non-S&E precollege/ other teacher | 31,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D | 31,000 | 2,500 | D | D |
U.S. citizen | 32,000 | 3,000 | D | D | D | D | 32,000 | 3,000 | D | D |
Native-born | 34,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D | 34,000 | 2,500 | D | D |
Naturalized | 21,000 | 2,000 | D | D | D | D | 21,000 | 2,000 | D | D |
Non-U.S. citizen | 20,000 | 2,500 | D | D | D | D | 20,000 | 2,500 | D | D |
Permanent resident | 20,000 | 3,000 | D | D | D | D | 20,000 | 3,000 | D | D |
Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Sales/ marketing | 48,000 | 2,000 | 48,000 | 2,000 | 32,000 | 7,000 | S | S | 49,000 | 18,000 |
U.S. citizen | 48,000 | 3,000 | 48,000 | 3,000 | S | S | S | S | 49,000 | 18,000 |
Native-born | 50,000 | 3,000 | 50,000 | 2,000 | S | S | S | S | 39,000 | 13,000 |
Naturalized | 40,000 | 7,000 | 40,000 | 7,000 | D | D | D | D | S | S |
Non-U.S. citizen | 24,000 | 3,500 | 24,000 | 3,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Permanent resident | 24,000 | 3,500 | 24,000 | 3,500 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | S | S | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Social service-related | 34,000 | 1,500 | 30,000 | 1,000 | 39,000 | 1,500 | 36,000 | 8,500 | 43,000 | 5,000 |
U.S. citizen | 34,000 | 1,500 | 30,000 | 1,000 | 39,000 | 1,500 | 36,000 | 6,500 | 43,000 | 4,500 |
Native-born | 34,000 | 1,500 | 30,000 | 1,000 | 39,000 | 1,000 | 37,000 | 4,000 | 40,000 | 4,000 |
Naturalized | 41,000 | 4,000 | 33,000 | 6,000 | S | S | D | D | 42,000 | 2,500 |
Non-U.S. citizen | S | S | S | S | D | D | D | D | S | S |
Permanent resident | S | S | S | S | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Temporary resident | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Other non-S&E | 35,000 | 1,500 | 32,000 | 1,000 | 31,000 | 3,000 | 29,000 | 2,500 | 51,000 | 2,500 |
U.S. citizen | 36,000 | 1,500 | 32,000 | 2,000 | 31,000 | 2,500 | 29,000 | 3,000 | 52,000 | 2,500 |
Native-born | 36,000 | 1,500 | 32,000 | 1,000 | 31,000 | 3,000 | 30,000 | 3,000 | 51,000 | 2,500 |
Naturalized | 38,000 | 2,000 | 38,000 | 3,500 | 35,000 | 12,500 | 28,000 | 9,000 | 53,000 | 2,500 |
Non-U.S. citizen | 25,000 | 4,500 | 25,000 | 5,500 | S | S | D | D | S | S |
Permanent resident | 24,000 | 1,500 | 24,000 | 1,500 | D | D | D | D | 27,000 | 13,500 |
Temporary resident | 44,000 | 7,000 | 45,000 | 4,000 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Data codes used in these tables: * = value < 500. D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. S = suppressed for reliability; coefficient of variation exceeds publication standards. |
Abbreviations used in these tables: S&E = science and engineering; SE = standard error. |
NOTES: Salaries are for principal job and rounded to the nearest $1,000. Standard errors for salaries are rounded up to the nearest $500. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Scientists and engineers are bachelor's and higher degreed individuals living in the United States with an S&E or S&E-related degree or occupation. See appendix for additional details on coverage, eligibility, educational field classification, and occupational classification. Business/industry includes self-employed individuals, nonprofit organizations, and other unspecified types of employers. Four-year college/university includes medical schools and university-affiliated research institutes. Other educational institution includes 2-year colleges, precollege institutions, and other educational institutions. Government includes federal (civilian), military, state, and local employers. |
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): 2013. |
Data from survey cycle 2013, as of 24 February 2015. |