Back to Data Tables
Download to excel


Table 14-2. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers with a bachelor's as the highest degree, by occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2013
 

Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status                Sector of employment
Employed scientists and engineers Business/ industry 4-year college/ university Other educational institution Government
Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE
Bachelor's 58,000 1,500 61,000 2,000 40,000 2,500 40,000 1,500 61,000 2,000
U.S. citizen 58,000 1,500 60,000 2,000 40,000 2,000 40,000 1,000 61,000 2,000
Native-born 58,000 1,000 61,000 2,000 39,000 1,000 40,000 500 61,000 2,000
Naturalized 60,000 2,000 60,000 500 54,000 6,000 25,000 9,000 65,000 2,000
Non-U.S. citizen 60,000 3,500 65,000 3,500 21,000 1,000 30,000 8,000 41,000 6,000
Permanent resident 50,000 3,500 55,000 4,500 30,000 13,000 30,000 8,000 41,000 5,000
Temporary resident 75,000 3,500 81,000 4,000 20,000 500 S S S S
S&E occupations 76,000 2,000 82,000 3,000 28,000 1,500 46,000 4,000 72,000 2,000
U.S. citizen 76,000 1,500 81,000 1,500 30,000 500 46,000 4,500 72,000 2,000
Native-born 75,000 1,500 80,000 500 30,000 3,000 45,000 3,500 72,000 2,000
Naturalized 81,000 3,500 89,000 3,000 50,000 2,500 63,000 10,500 74,000 9,500
Non-U.S. citizen 77,000 5,500 85,000 2,000 21,000 1,000 S S S S
Permanent resident 80,000 9,000 86,000 7,000 26,000 2,500 D D D D
Temporary resident 75,000 4,500 84,000 1,500 20,000 1,500 D D S S
Science occupations 72,000 1,000 80,000 500 29,000 2,000 46,000 4,000 69,000 4,000
U.S. citizen 72,000 1,500 80,000 500 30,000 2,000 46,000 4,000 69,000 4,000
Native-born 70,000 1,000 77,000 2,500 30,000 1,500 45,000 5,000 69,000 2,500
Naturalized 80,000 1,500 89,000 1,500 50,000 3,000 63,000 11,500 60,000 8,500
Non-U.S. citizen 76,000 5,000 85,000 2,000 21,000 1,000 S S 53,000 16,500
Permanent resident 75,000 13,000 82,000 10,000 26,000 3,000 D D * *
Temporary resident 75,000 5,500 85,000 1,500 20,000 1,500 D D S S
Biological/ agricultural/ other life scientists 45,000 2,500 55,000 6,000 27,000 1,000 32,000 10,000 60,000 3,000
U.S. citizen 46,000 3,000 55,000 5,500 28,000 1,500 32,000 10,000 60,000 3,000
Native-born 45,000 3,000 53,000 6,000 27,000 2,000 34,000 11,000 60,000 4,000
Naturalized 54,000 8,000 74,000 10,000 36,000 5,500 D D S S
Non-U.S. citizen 26,000 2,000 62,000 7,000 24,000 2,500 D D D D
Permanent resident 30,000 11,000 62,000 8,500 26,000 500 D D D D
Temporary resident 22,000 1,000 * * 22,000 500 D D D D
Agricultural/ food sciences 49,000 2,000 52,000 5,500 21,000 5,500 D D 48,000 5,500
U.S. citizen 50,000 2,000 52,000 5,000 23,000 5,000 D D 48,000 5,500
Native-born 49,000 3,000 52,000 8,000 20,000 5,500 D D 46,000 5,500
Naturalized 47,000 3,000 47,000 1,500 D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen S S D D D D D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident D D D D D D D D D D
Biological and medical scientists 44,000 2,500 60,000 4,500 28,000 1,500 D D 63,000 5,000
U.S. citizen 46,000 4,500 60,000 4,500 29,000 2,000 D D 63,000 5,000
Native-born 45,000 3,500 56,000 7,500 28,000 2,000 D D 64,000 4,500
Naturalized 59,000 1,500 82,000 7,500 35,000 10,000 D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 26,000 1,500 64,000 12,000 25,000 2,000 D D D D
Permanent resident 27,000 3,000 65,000 21,500 26,000 500 D D D D
Temporary resident S S D D S S D D D D
Environmental life scientists 50,000 4,500 45,000 3,000 S S D D 60,000 3,000
U.S. citizen 50,000 7,000 45,000 6,500 S S D D 60,000 3,000
Native-born 51,000 7,000 44,000 6,500 S S D D 60,000 3,000
Naturalized D D D D D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen D D D D D D D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident D D D D D D D D D D
Postsecondary teachers - life/ related sciences 18,000 3,500 D D 18,000 3,000 35,000 11,500 D D
U.S. citizen 20,000 4,500 D D 18,000 4,000 35,000 11,500 D D
Native-born 19,000 4,500 D D 18,000 4,000 35,000 11,500 D D
Naturalized * * D D * * D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen S S D D S S D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident S S D D S S D D D D
Computer/ mathematical scientists 80,000 500 83,000 2,000 50,000 1,500 49,000 5,000 73,000 3,000
U.S. citizen 79,000 2,500 82,000 2,000 51,000 1,000 49,000 5,000 73,000 3,000
Native-born 77,000 2,500 80,000 2,000 51,000 2,000 46,000 5,500 73,000 3,000
Naturalized 85,000 3,500 90,000 1,500 54,000 2,000 63,000 2,000 65,000 14,500
Non-U.S. citizen 85,000 4,000 85,000 3,500 25,000 9,000 D D D D
Permanent resident 86,000 8,500 86,000 7,500 S S D D D D
Temporary resident 84,000 4,500 85,000 1,500 20,000 2,500 D D D D
Computer and information scientists 80,000 500 84,000 2,000 52,000 3,000 56,000 5,500 74,000 3,000
U.S. citizen 80,000 500 83,000 2,500 54,000 3,000 55,000 5,500 74,000 3,000
Native-born 80,000 2,000 81,000 2,500 52,000 3,500 55,000 5,500 75,000 2,500
Naturalized 86,000 4,000 90,000 2,000 54,000 3,000 D D 65,000 15,000
Non-U.S. citizen 85,000 2,000 85,000 4,000 35,000 16,000 D D D D
Permanent resident 86,000 8,000 86,000 7,500 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 84,000 2,000 85,000 2,000 18,000 4,000 D D D D
Mathematical scientists 60,000 6,000 64,000 4,000 37,000 6,000 D D S S
U.S. citizen 61,000 6,000 64,000 3,500 40,000 5,500 D D S S
Native-born 57,000 8,000 64,000 3,000 40,000 5,500 D D S S
Naturalized 63,000 1,000 61,000 8,000 D D D D S S
Non-U.S. citizen 40,000 7,000 D D S S D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident D D D D S S D D D D
Postsecondary teachers - computer/ math sciences 13,000 3,000 D D 15,000 4,000 12,000 2,000 D D
U.S. citizen 12,000 1,000 D D 13,000 1,500 12,000 2,000 D D
Native-born 12,000 1,000 D D 13,000 1,500 12,000 1,500 D D
Naturalized * * D D D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen S S D D S S D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident 21,000 5,500 D D 21,000 5,500 D D D D
Physical/ related scientists 53,000 2,500 60,000 1,000 22,000 1,500 S S 66,000 2,500
U.S. citizen 56,000 2,500 60,000 2,000 23,000 1,500 S S 66,000 2,500
Native-born 55,000 2,500 59,000 3,500 22,000 1,000 S S 67,000 2,500
Naturalized 57,000 5,500 73,000 1,500 29,000 3,500 D D 57,000 3,000
Non-U.S. citizen 20,000 2,000 62,000 17,000 20,000 1,000 D D D D
Permanent resident 57,000 6,000 62,000 16,500 * * D D D D
Temporary resident 20,000 1,000 * * 20,000 1,000 D D D D
Chemists, except biochemists 54,000 3,500 60,000 1,000 23,000 1,000 D D 58,000 5,500
U.S. citizen 55,000 3,500 60,000 1,000 23,000 2,000 D D 59,000 5,000
Native-born 54,000 3,000 60,000 3,500 23,000 2,500 D D 60,000 7,500
Naturalized 68,000 10,500 74,000 1,500 S S D D 57,000 3,000
Non-U.S. citizen 23,000 1,500 D D 22,000 500 D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident 22,000 500 D D 22,000 500 D D D D
Earth/ atmospheric/ ocean scientists 70,000 1,500 70,000 4,500 22,000 3,000 D D 81,000 10,000
U.S. citizen 70,000 1,500 70,000 5,500 26,000 4,500 D D 81,000 10,000
Native-born 70,000 1,500 70,000 7,000 26,000 4,000 D D 81,000 8,000
Naturalized * * * * D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen S S * * D D D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident * * * * D D D D D D
Physicists and astronomers 30,000 3,000 95,000 35,500 25,000 3,000 D D 80,000 15,500
U.S. citizen 33,000 5,500 97,000 45,500 29,000 1,500 D D 84,000 15,000
Native-born 35,000 10,000 99,000 48,000 24,000 4,000 D D 89,000 14,000
Naturalized S S D D S S D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 20,000 4,000 D D D D D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident 19,000 1,500 D D D D D D D D
Postsecondary teachers - physical/ related sciences 20,000 1,500 D D 20,000 1,000 S S D D
U.S. citizen 20,000 3,000 D D 21,000 2,000 S S D D
Native-born 20,000 3,000 D D 21,000 2,500 D D D D
Naturalized * * D D D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen S S D D S S D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident S S D D S S D D D D
Other physical/ related scientists 52,000 3,000 49,000 3,000 D D D D 60,000 7,000
U.S. citizen 53,000 3,000 48,000 3,000 D D D D 61,000 6,500
Native-born 52,000 3,500 47,000 3,000 D D D D 63,000 7,000
Naturalized 53,000 10,500 D D D D D D 51,000 6,000
Non-U.S. citizen S S D D D D D D D D
Permanent resident S S D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident D D D D D D D D D D
Social science, psychology 45,000 2,500 45,000 9,500 16,000 2,000 36,000 13,500 64,000 4,000
U.S. citizen 45,000 4,500 49,000 11,000 17,000 2,000 37,000 6,500 64,000 4,000
Native-born 46,000 4,500 48,000 11,000 16,000 2,000 37,000 8,000 64,000 3,000
Naturalized 34,000 13,000 D D S S D D 32,000 6,500
Non-U.S. citizen S S S S 16,000 2,000 D D D D
Permanent resident S S S S S S D D D D
Temporary resident 17,000 2,500 D D 17,000 3,000 D D D D
Economists S S 67,000 9,000 16,000 500 D D S S
U.S. citizen 82,000 34,500 66,000 8,500 S S D D S S
Native-born 82,000 35,500 60,000 6,000 S S D D S S
Naturalized D D D D D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 16,000 500 D D S S D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident S S D D S S D D D D
Political scientists 61,000 6,000 60,000 11,000 D D D D 72,000 22,500
U.S. citizen 61,000 7,500 60,000 11,000 S S D D 72,000 22,500
Native-born 61,000 7,000 S S S S D D 71,000 20,000
Naturalized D D D D D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen D D D D D D D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident D D D D D D D D D D
Postsecondary teachers - social/ related sciences 16,000 6,000 D D 16,000 4,500 23,000 11,000 D D
U.S. citizen 20,000 7,000 D D 16,000 8,500 S S D D
Native-born 20,000 7,000 D D 16,000 7,500 S S D D
Naturalized S S D D S S D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen S S D D S S D D D D
Permanent resident S S D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident D D D D D D D D D D
Psychologists 24,000 10,000 37,000 7,000 16,000 3,000 S S S S
U.S. citizen S S 38,000 7,000 16,000 3,000 S S S S
Native-born S S 38,000 7,000 16,000 3,000 S S S S
Naturalized S S D D * * D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen D D D D D D D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident D D D D D D D D D D
Sociologists and anthropologists 39,000 4,000 40,000 4,000 12,000 5,500 D D S S
U.S. citizen 39,000 4,000 40,000 4,000 12,000 5,500 D D S S
Native-born 39,000 3,500 40,000 4,000 13,000 6,000 D D S S
Naturalized D D D D D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen D D D D D D D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident D D D D D D D D D D
Other social and related scientists 55,000 4,000 56,000 11,000 22,000 3,500 D D 59,000 10,500
U.S. citizen 56,000 4,000 57,000 4,000 23,000 7,000 D D 59,000 10,500
Native-born 58,000 3,500 56,000 4,500 22,000 6,500 D D 63,000 6,000
Naturalized 32,000 12,000 D D D D D D 31,000 6,500
Non-U.S. citizen S S S S D D D D D D
Permanent resident S S S S D D D D D D
Temporary resident D D D D D D D D D D
Engineering occupations 85,000 1,000 85,000 1,500 25,000 1,000 55,000 16,500 85,000 2,000
U.S. citizen 85,000 500 85,000 1,500 25,000 1,500 57,000 21,500 85,000 2,000
Native-born 85,000 1,000 85,000 1,500 25,000 1,000 57,000 13,500 83,000 2,500
Naturalized 85,000 1,500 85,000 2,000 S S D D 90,000 1,500
Non-U.S. citizen 80,000 4,500 89,000 6,500 22,000 3,500 D D D D
Permanent resident 97,000 9,500 98,000 7,500 * * D D D D
Temporary resident 69,000 13,500 80,000 3,000 21,000 4,000 D D D D
Aeronautical/ aerospace/ astronautical engineers 95,000 6,000 95,000 6,000 37,000 14,000 D D 110,000 23,000
U.S. citizen 95,000 7,000 93,000 6,000 S S D D 110,000 23,000
Native-born 95,000 9,000 93,000 9,000 D D D D 109,000 18,500
Naturalized 94,000 6,000 93,000 2,500 D D D D S S
Non-U.S. citizen 96,000 22,000 100,000 6,500 D D D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident D D D D D D D D D D
Chemical engineers 95,000 2,000 95,000 4,000 26,000 2,500 D D * *
U.S. citizen 95,000 2,000 95,000 4,500 25,000 2,000 D D * *
Native-born 95,000 5,000 100,000 6,000 26,000 2,500 D D * *
Naturalized 76,000 3,000 76,000 3,500 D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 69,000 17,000 75,000 24,500 D D D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident S S D D D D D D D D
Civil, including architectural/ sanitary engineers 75,000 500 70,000 1,000 D D D D 83,000 4,000
U.S. citizen 75,000 2,000 70,000 1,500 D D D D 84,000 4,000
Native-born 75,000 2,500 70,000 1,000 S S D D 80,000 4,000
Naturalized 89,000 2,000 75,000 9,000 D D D D 90,000 4,500
Non-U.S. citizen 56,000 11,500 62,000 8,000 D D D D D D
Permanent resident 64,000 3,000 64,000 4,000 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 28,000 4,500 D D D D D D D D
Electrical/ computer hardware engineers 91,000 2,500 93,000 3,000 S S S S 90,000 5,000
U.S. citizen 90,000 2,000 91,000 4,000 S S D D 90,000 5,000
Native-born 90,000 2,500 92,000 4,000 S S D D 90,000 8,000
Naturalized 88,000 4,500 87,000 6,000 D D D D 90,000 3,000
Non-U.S. citizen 100,000 9,000 104,000 9,000 * * D D D D
Permanent resident 104,000 8,000 104,000 8,500 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 93,000 4,000 94,000 5,000 * * D D D D
Industrial engineers 76,000 4,000 76,000 3,000 D D D D S S
U.S. citizen 76,000 4,000 76,000 3,500 D D D D S S
Native-born 75,000 3,500 75,000 4,000 D D D D S S
Naturalized 79,000 1,500 79,000 1,500 D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 71,000 5,500 71,000 5,500 D D D D D D
Permanent resident S S S S D D D D D D
Temporary resident S S S S D D D D D D
Mechanical engineers 82,000 3,000 82,000 2,500 22,000 1,500 D D 84,000 7,500
U.S. citizen 82,000 2,500 82,000 2,500 21,000 2,000 D D 84,000 7,500
Native-born 82,000 2,500 82,000 3,000 22,000 3,500 D D 85,000 8,000
Naturalized 80,000 3,000 80,000 5,000 D D D D 71,000 30,000
Non-U.S. citizen 60,000 13,000 70,000 12,500 D D D D D D
Permanent resident 82,000 11,500 82,000 11,500 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 57,000 2,500 58,000 8,000 D D D D D D
Postsecondary teachers - engineering 23,000 4,000 D D 22,000 11,000 D D D D
U.S. citizen 25,000 4,500 D D 24,000 4,500 D D D D
Native-born 25,000 5,000 D D 24,000 3,000 D D D D
Naturalized D D D D D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen S S D D S S D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident S S D D S S D D D D
Other engineers 90,000 3,500 90,000 1,000 25,000 1,000 D D 82,000 5,000
U.S. citizen 90,000 2,500 90,000 1,500 25,000 1,000 D D 82,000 5,000
Native-born 90,000 2,000 90,000 3,000 24,000 2,000 D D 83,000 4,000
Naturalized 84,000 7,500 87,000 2,000 D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 75,000 6,000 78,000 13,000 22,000 2,000 D D D D
Permanent resident 103,000 41,000 104,000 38,000 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 45,000 6,000 45,000 10,500 D D D D D D
S&E-related occupations 58,000 2,000 60,000 500 55,000 4,000 42,000 1,000 59,000 2,000
U.S. citizen 57,000 2,000 60,000 500 57,000 5,000 42,000 1,000 59,000 2,500
Native-born 56,000 1,000 60,000 500 53,000 4,500 42,000 1,500 58,000 1,500
Naturalized 60,000 2,000 60,000 2,500 74,000 500 S S 68,000 3,500
Non-U.S. citizen 64,000 5,000 69,000 3,000 24,000 3,500 44,000 2,000 55,000 19,500
Permanent resident 59,000 1,500 60,000 3,000 S S 44,000 1,000 46,000 20,000
Temporary resident 81,000 6,000 85,000 1,500 20,000 1,000 S S D D
Health and related 53,000 2,000 53,000 2,500 57,000 5,000 47,000 1,000 51,000 4,500
U.S. citizen 52,000 1,500 52,000 2,000 57,000 5,000 47,000 500 51,000 4,000
Native-born 51,000 2,500 52,000 1,500 53,000 4,500 47,000 1,000 50,000 2,500
Naturalized 59,000 3,000 56,000 6,000 74,000 500 D D 64,000 12,500
Non-U.S. citizen 59,000 2,000 59,000 3,000 S S D D D D
Permanent resident 58,000 3,500 58,000 3,500 S S D D D D
Temporary resident 83,000 2,500 84,000 2,500 D D D D D D
S&E manager 104,000 3,500 109,000 2,000 94,000 25,500 D D 85,000 3,000
U.S. citizen 104,000 3,500 110,000 2,000 94,000 25,500 D D 85,000 3,000
Native-born 104,000 3,500 109,000 2,000 80,000 24,500 D D 85,000 2,000
Naturalized 105,000 15,500 110,000 20,500 D D D D 93,000 2,000
Non-U.S. citizen 101,000 15,500 102,000 16,500 D D D D D D
Permanent resident 123,000 9,000 123,000 8,500 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 83,000 12,000 83,000 12,000 D D D D D D
S&E precollege teacher 41,000 2,000 D D D D 41,000 2,000 D D
U.S. citizen 40,000 2,500 D D D D 40,000 2,500 D D
Native-born 41,000 2,000 D D D D 41,000 2,000 D D
Naturalized S S D D D D S S D D
Non-U.S. citizen S S D D D D S S D D
Permanent resident S S D D D D S S D D
Temporary resident S S D D D D S S D D
S&E technician/ technologist 65,000 2,000 70,000 2,500 37,000 2,000 S S 59,000 4,500
U.S. citizen 65,000 1,500 68,000 4,000 39,000 2,000 D D 59,000 5,000
Native-born 65,000 2,500 70,000 2,000 39,000 2,000 D D 58,000 3,000
Naturalized 63,000 5,000 60,000 7,000 46,000 4,000 D D 68,000 3,000
Non-U.S. citizen 71,000 14,000 76,000 4,500 20,000 2,000 D D D D
Permanent resident 62,000 9,500 73,000 18,000 S S D D D D
Temporary resident 73,000 8,000 77,000 3,000 20,000 500 D D D D
Other S&E-related 69,000 6,500 65,000 10,500 D D S S 70,000 19,500
U.S. citizen 70,000 6,500 68,000 10,000 D D D D 70,000 19,500
Native-born 70,000 7,000 66,000 10,500 D D D D 73,000 21,500
Naturalized 66,000 20,000 70,000 22,000 D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 63,000 30,000 63,000 24,000 D D D D D D
Permanent resident 63,000 18,500 D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident D D S S D D D D D D
Non-S&E occupations 48,000 500 50,000 1,500 35,000 2,500 33,000 3,000 54,000 2,500
U.S. citizen 48,000 1,000 50,000 500 35,000 3,000 34,000 3,000 55,000 2,000
Native-born 49,000 2,000 50,000 500 36,000 3,000 35,000 2,000 55,000 2,500
Naturalized 42,000 2,500 42,000 3,500 32,000 13,000 22,000 1,000 55,000 2,500
Non-U.S. citizen 31,000 4,000 34,000 5,500 15,000 6,000 21,000 3,000 S S
Permanent resident 30,000 2,500 30,000 1,000 36,000 10,500 22,000 3,000 S S
Temporary resident 48,000 2,500 49,000 6,000 10,000 3,000 S S D D
Arts/ humanities/ related 35,000 5,000 35,000 6,500 23,000 10,000 D D 56,000 20,500
U.S. citizen 35,000 5,000 35,000 6,500 23,000 10,000 D D 56,000 20,500
Native-born 38,000 6,000 39,000 6,000 20,000 8,500 D D 56,000 20,500
Naturalized S S 18,000 8,000 D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen S S S S D D D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident D D D D D D D D D D
Management-related 65,000 500 65,000 1,500 47,000 13,500 41,000 2,500 65,000 5,000
U.S. citizen 65,000 500 65,000 1,000 46,000 13,000 41,000 3,000 65,000 5,000
Native-born 66,000 3,000 68,000 3,500 45,000 13,000 41,000 2,500 65,000 6,000
Naturalized 52,000 5,000 50,000 1,500 D D 37,000 18,500 65,000 4,000
Non-U.S. citizen 65,000 20,000 66,000 21,500 D D D D D D
Permanent resident 55,000 15,000 58,000 14,500 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 115,000 29,000 116,000 28,500 D D D D D D
Non-S&E manager 100,000 3,000 104,000 2,500 80,000 9,500 52,000 8,000 91,000 8,500
U.S. citizen 100,000 3,500 104,000 2,000 80,000 9,500 51,000 8,500 91,000 8,500
Native-born 100,000 4,000 104,000 2,000 80,000 12,500 51,000 8,000 90,000 8,500
Naturalized 100,000 5,000 100,000 6,500 D D D D 94,000 25,000
Non-U.S. citizen 96,000 8,500 96,000 8,000 D D D D D D
Permanent resident 100,000 21,000 99,000 19,500 D D D D D D
Temporary resident S S S S D D D D D D
Non-S&E postsecondary teacher 20,000 5,500 D D 12,000 4,500 52,000 24,000 D D
U.S. citizen 18,000 5,500 D D 12,000 5,500 S S D D
Native-born 18,000 6,500 D D 14,000 6,000 S S D D
Naturalized S S D D D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen D D D D S S D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident D D D D D D D D D D
Non-S&E precollege/ other teacher 31,000 2,500 D D D D 31,000 2,500 D D
U.S. citizen 32,000 3,000 D D D D 32,000 3,000 D D
Native-born 34,000 2,500 D D D D 34,000 2,500 D D
Naturalized 21,000 2,000 D D D D 21,000 2,000 D D
Non-U.S. citizen 20,000 2,500 D D D D 20,000 2,500 D D
Permanent resident 20,000 3,000 D D D D 20,000 3,000 D D
Temporary resident D D D D D D D D D D
Sales/ marketing 48,000 2,000 48,000 2,000 32,000 7,000 S S 49,000 18,000
U.S. citizen 48,000 3,000 48,000 3,000 S S S S 49,000 18,000
Native-born 50,000 3,000 50,000 2,000 S S S S 39,000 13,000
Naturalized 40,000 7,000 40,000 7,000 D D D D S S
Non-U.S. citizen 24,000 3,500 24,000 3,500 D D D D D D
Permanent resident 24,000 3,500 24,000 3,500 D D D D D D
Temporary resident S S S S D D D D D D
Social service-related 34,000 1,500 30,000 1,000 39,000 1,500 36,000 8,500 43,000 5,000
U.S. citizen 34,000 1,500 30,000 1,000 39,000 1,500 36,000 6,500 43,000 4,500
Native-born 34,000 1,500 30,000 1,000 39,000 1,000 37,000 4,000 40,000 4,000
Naturalized 41,000 4,000 33,000 6,000 S S D D 42,000 2,500
Non-U.S. citizen S S S S D D D D S S
Permanent resident S S S S D D D D D D
Temporary resident D D D D D D D D D D
Other non-S&E 35,000 1,500 32,000 1,000 31,000 3,000 29,000 2,500 51,000 2,500
U.S. citizen 36,000 1,500 32,000 2,000 31,000 2,500 29,000 3,000 52,000 2,500
Native-born 36,000 1,500 32,000 1,000 31,000 3,000 30,000 3,000 51,000 2,500
Naturalized 38,000 2,000 38,000 3,500 35,000 12,500 28,000 9,000 53,000 2,500
Non-U.S. citizen 25,000 4,500 25,000 5,500 S S D D S S
Permanent resident 24,000 1,500 24,000 1,500 D D D D 27,000 13,500
Temporary resident 44,000 7,000 45,000 4,000 D D D D D D

Data codes used in these tables: * = value < 500. D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. S = suppressed for reliability; coefficient of variation exceeds publication standards.
Abbreviations used in these tables: S&E = science and engineering; SE = standard error.
NOTES: Salaries are for principal job and rounded to the nearest $1,000. Standard errors for salaries are rounded up to the nearest $500. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Scientists and engineers are bachelor's and higher degreed individuals living in the United States with an S&E or S&E-related degree or occupation. See appendix for additional details on coverage, eligibility, educational field classification, and occupational classification. Business/industry includes self-employed individuals, nonprofit organizations, and other unspecified types of employers. Four-year college/university includes medical schools and university-affiliated research institutes. Other educational institution includes 2-year colleges, precollege institutions, and other educational institutions. Government includes federal (civilian), military, state, and local employers.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): 2013.
Data from survey cycle 2013, as of 24 February 2015.