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Table 14-3. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers with a master's as the highest degree, by occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2013
 

Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status                Sector of employment
Employed scientists and engineers Business/ industry 4-year college/ university Other educational institution Government
Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE Median salary SE
Master's 70,000 1,500 80,000 500 40,000 1,500 54,000 1,500 75,000 1,500
U.S. citizen 68,000 1,500 80,000 500 45,000 1,500 54,000 1,000 76,000 2,000
Native-born 65,000 500 78,000 1,500 45,000 2,000 53,000 1,500 75,000 1,000
Naturalized 84,000 2,000 95,000 3,000 54,000 4,000 60,000 2,500 80,000 2,500
Non-U.S. citizen 74,000 2,500 84,000 2,500 22,000 1,500 39,000 10,000 43,000 14,000
Permanent resident 75,000 5,500 85,000 2,000 40,000 6,500 40,000 15,500 46,000 19,500
Temporary resident 72,000 2,500 82,000 3,000 21,000 1,500 34,000 4,000 30,000 12,000
S&E occupations 83,000 2,000 96,000 1,000 25,000 1,000 54,000 2,500 83,000 2,000
U.S. citizen 85,000 1,500 99,000 2,500 30,000 1,500 54,000 2,500 83,000 2,000
Native-born 80,000 500 95,000 1,000 28,000 2,500 52,000 2,500 81,000 3,500
Naturalized 98,000 3,500 102,000 2,000 47,000 12,000 59,000 500 86,000 4,500
Non-U.S. citizen 80,000 1,000 90,000 1,000 22,000 500 S S 72,000 11,000
Permanent resident 96,000 2,000 100,000 1,000 30,000 7,500 40,000 7,500 89,000 20,500
Temporary resident 70,000 1,000 84,000 1,500 21,000 1,500 * * 38,000 11,500
Science occupations 78,000 2,000 95,000 1,500 26,000 2,000 54,000 2,500 77,000 3,000
U.S. citizen 78,000 1,500 95,000 1,000 30,000 2,000 54,000 2,500 77,000 2,500
Native-born 70,000 2,500 90,000 1,500 28,000 2,000 52,000 2,500 75,000 3,000
Naturalized 97,000 4,000 102,000 2,000 48,000 8,000 59,000 500 87,000 5,500
Non-U.S. citizen 80,000 2,500 90,000 2,500 22,000 1,500 S S 61,000 13,000
Permanent resident 95,000 2,000 100,000 1,500 29,000 8,000 40,000 7,500 D D
Temporary resident 74,000 4,000 85,000 4,000 22,000 500 * * 40,000 13,500
Biological/ agricultural/ other life scientists 54,000 4,000 68,000 5,500 30,000 1,000 36,000 12,000 71,000 7,500
U.S. citizen 60,000 1,500 70,000 3,500 38,000 5,000 36,000 12,000 71,000 8,000
Native-born 59,000 3,000 65,000 6,500 31,000 3,000 38,000 13,500 65,000 6,500
Naturalized 76,000 12,000 89,000 7,500 46,000 2,500 22,000 6,500 129,000 34,000
Non-U.S. citizen 30,000 1,500 54,000 13,500 25,000 1,000 D D D D
Permanent resident 53,000 14,000 59,000 17,000 33,000 12,000 D D D D
Temporary resident 25,000 500 42,000 13,000 25,000 1,500 D D D D
Agricultural/ food sciences 46,000 17,000 65,000 11,500 33,000 4,500 D D S S
U.S. citizen 64,000 9,500 72,000 6,000 36,000 4,000 D D S S
Native-born 62,000 12,000 72,000 6,500 39,000 8,500 D D S S
Naturalized 66,000 16,000 D D D D D D S S
Non-U.S. citizen 36,000 500 S S 19,000 1,500 D D D D
Permanent resident S S S S D D D D D D
Temporary resident 20,000 5,500 D D 19,000 2,500 D D D D
Biological and medical scientists 59,000 2,500 71,000 6,000 30,000 2,500 S S 65,000 5,500
U.S. citizen 62,000 4,000 72,000 6,000 42,000 4,500 S S 66,000 6,500
Native-born 60,000 2,500 67,000 8,000 35,000 8,500 D D 64,000 1,000
Naturalized 81,000 9,000 89,000 7,000 47,000 3,500 D D S S
Non-U.S. citizen 30,000 3,000 69,000 9,000 25,000 1,000 D D D D
Permanent resident 69,000 9,500 79,000 9,500 37,000 8,500 D D D D
Temporary resident 25,000 1,500 S S 25,000 1,000 D D D D
Environmental life scientists 64,000 5,000 49,000 1,000 S S D D 82,000 500
U.S. citizen 64,000 4,500 49,000 1,000 D D D D 82,000 500
Native-born 64,000 4,500 49,000 1,000 D D D D 82,000 500
Naturalized D D D D D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen D D D D D D D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident D D D D D D D D D D
Postsecondary teachers - life/ related sciences 29,000 3,000 D D 27,000 5,000 S S D D
U.S. citizen 30,000 4,500 D D 29,000 3,500 S S D D
Native-born 31,000 5,000 D D 28,000 3,500 43,000 20,000 D D
Naturalized 25,000 11,500 D D D D S S D D
Non-U.S. citizen S S D D S S D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident S S D D S S D D D D
Computer/ mathematical scientists 91,000 2,500 100,000 500 40,000 4,500 49,000 3,000 83,000 1,500
U.S. citizen 92,000 3,500 103,000 3,000 48,000 5,000 49,000 3,000 83,000 2,000
Native-born 88,000 2,000 101,000 2,500 44,000 6,000 49,000 4,000 83,000 3,500
Naturalized 100,000 500 104,000 2,000 59,000 10,000 S S 84,000 5,500
Non-U.S. citizen 90,000 500 92,000 2,500 21,000 2,000 S S S S
Permanent resident 100,000 2,500 102,000 4,500 39,000 11,000 39,000 4,000 D D
Temporary resident 83,000 3,000 86,000 5,500 20,000 500 D D D D
Computer and information scientists 96,000 2,000 100,000 500 68,000 3,500 72,000 3,500 83,000 2,000
U.S. citizen 100,000 2,500 104,000 2,000 69,000 2,500 72,000 5,000 83,000 2,500
Native-born 96,000 2,000 103,000 3,000 69,000 4,000 69,000 6,500 83,000 4,000
Naturalized 100,000 2,500 105,000 2,500 80,000 6,000 D D 84,000 6,000
Non-U.S. citizen 92,000 3,500 92,000 3,000 22,000 2,500 D D S S
Permanent resident 101,000 4,500 103,000 4,000 57,000 7,500 D D D D
Temporary resident 85,000 3,000 87,000 4,500 21,000 2,500 D D D D
Mathematical scientists 77,000 1,500 90,000 6,500 29,000 8,000 S S 79,000 9,000
U.S. citizen 78,000 4,000 89,000 4,500 S S S S 79,000 9,000
Native-born 77,000 3,000 85,000 12,000 S S S S 80,000 10,500
Naturalized 89,000 500 89,000 9,000 D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 66,000 3,500 75,000 13,500 29,000 7,000 D D D D
Permanent resident 69,000 2,000 70,000 6,000 * * D D D D
Temporary resident 64,000 8,500 79,000 17,000 25,000 7,000 D D D D
Postsecondary teachers - computer/ math sciences 36,000 3,000 D D 21,000 2,000 44,000 3,000 D D
U.S. citizen 37,000 3,000 D D 22,000 4,000 44,000 2,500 D D
Native-born 37,000 3,000 D D 22,000 6,000 43,000 5,500 D D
Naturalized 37,000 14,500 D D 20,000 3,000 38,000 9,500 D D
Non-U.S. citizen 20,000 2,500 D D 18,000 1,500 39,000 4,500 D D
Permanent resident 36,000 5,000 D D D D 39,000 5,000 D D
Temporary resident 16,000 3,500 D D 16,000 4,000 D D D D
Physical/ related scientists 64,000 6,000 86,000 7,000 24,000 1,000 33,000 4,000 75,000 4,000
U.S. citizen 70,000 4,000 88,000 8,000 25,000 3,000 33,000 3,000 76,000 4,000
Native-born 70,000 3,500 88,000 8,000 26,000 3,000 33,000 3,500 75,000 4,000
Naturalized 75,000 16,000 85,000 14,000 22,000 2,000 D D 97,000 24,000
Non-U.S. citizen 26,000 4,000 80,000 12,500 22,000 1,500 D D D D
Permanent resident S S 68,000 29,500 S S D D D D
Temporary resident 22,000 1,500 81,000 3,000 22,000 1,500 D D D D
Chemists, except biochemists 68,000 4,000 72,000 2,500 25,000 2,000 D D 88,000 20,000
U.S. citizen 68,000 3,000 72,000 3,000 25,000 4,500 D D 88,000 19,500
Native-born 68,000 4,500 73,000 3,500 25,000 3,500 D D 89,000 18,000
Naturalized 61,000 9,500 62,000 11,500 D D D D * *
Non-U.S. citizen 43,000 17,500 70,000 15,000 22,000 1,500 D D D D
Permanent resident 56,000 21,000 56,000 21,000 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 29,000 12,500 D D 22,000 1,500 D D D D
Earth/ atmospheric/ ocean scientists 80,000 6,000 109,000 11,000 26,000 3,000 D D 70,000 6,000
U.S. citizen 84,000 6,000 109,000 11,500 26,000 2,500 D D 70,000 6,500
Native-born 82,000 5,500 106,000 13,000 26,000 2,500 D D 70,000 7,000
Naturalized 122,000 35,000 S S D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 36,000 6,000 110,000 18,500 24,000 4,500 D D D D
Permanent resident 98,000 26,500 D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident 26,000 6,500 * * 24,000 5,000 D D D D
Physicists and astronomers 33,000 5,500 119,000 12,000 25,000 4,000 D D 100,000 4,500
U.S. citizen 87,000 33,500 119,000 12,000 26,000 6,000 D D 101,000 4,500
Native-born 78,000 28,000 131,000 20,000 29,000 5,000 D D D D
Naturalized S S D D D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 25,000 6,000 D D 24,000 5,500 D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident 24,000 5,500 D D 24,000 5,000 D D D D
Postsecondary teachers - physical/ related sciences 22,000 2,500 D D 21,000 1,000 33,000 4,000 D D
U.S. citizen 29,000 10,000 D D 21,000 1,500 33,000 3,000 D D
Native-born 31,000 7,500 D D 21,000 1,500 33,000 3,500 D D
Naturalized * * D D D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 21,000 2,000 D D 21,000 2,500 D D D D
Permanent resident S S D D S S D D D D
Temporary resident 18,000 2,500 D D 18,000 2,500 D D D D
Other physical/ related scientists 72,000 9,000 79,000 12,000 27,000 2,500 D D 75,000 8,500
U.S. citizen 75,000 7,500 80,000 11,000 D D D D 75,000 8,500
Native-born 72,000 9,000 78,000 14,000 D D D D 73,000 11,500
Naturalized S S D D D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 36,000 7,500 * * * * D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident 34,000 11,500 D D * * D D D D
Social science, psychology 48,000 3,000 55,000 6,500 20,000 1,500 58,000 3,500 66,000 7,000
U.S. citizen 49,000 2,500 53,000 7,000 20,000 1,500 58,000 3,500 65,000 5,000
Native-born 48,000 2,500 50,000 8,500 20,000 1,500 55,000 1,500 65,000 4,000
Naturalized 59,000 500 73,000 21,500 20,000 5,500 S S 79,000 4,500
Non-U.S. citizen 24,000 4,500 89,000 25,000 19,000 1,500 D D D D
Permanent resident S S 115,000 36,500 S S D D D D
Temporary resident 20,000 4,000 S S 19,000 1,000 D D D D
Economists 58,000 8,000 65,000 13,000 19,000 7,000 D D 75,000 6,000
U.S. citizen 62,000 4,500 60,000 11,500 21,000 2,500 D D 75,000 6,000
Native-born 60,000 7,500 56,000 8,500 21,000 7,000 D D 74,000 5,000
Naturalized 78,000 6,000 * * D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen S S S S 16,000 500 D D D D
Permanent resident * * * * D D D D D D
Temporary resident 17,000 8,000 S S 16,000 1,000 D D D D
Political scientists 88,000 33,000 128,000 43,000 20,000 5,000 D D S S
U.S. citizen 99,000 35,500 128,000 38,000 23,000 11,000 D D S S
Native-born 99,000 33,500 128,000 34,500 26,000 12,000 D D S S
Naturalized D D D D D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen D D D D D D D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident D D D D D D D D D D
Postsecondary teachers - social/ related sciences 21,000 4,000 D D 18,000 2,500 26,000 3,000 D D
U.S. citizen 23,000 4,500 D D 19,000 3,000 26,000 2,500 D D
Native-born 24,000 5,000 D D 18,000 3,000 26,000 3,000 D D
Naturalized 20,000 9,000 D D 20,000 2,500 S S D D
Non-U.S. citizen 17,000 2,500 D D 17,000 2,500 D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident 18,000 2,500 D D 18,000 2,500 D D D D
Psychologists 53,000 3,500 43,000 4,500 20,000 3,500 59,000 500 56,000 3,000
U.S. citizen 54,000 2,500 43,000 5,000 19,000 1,500 59,000 500 56,000 3,000
Native-born 50,000 4,000 41,000 5,000 19,000 1,500 60,000 1,500 56,000 3,000
Naturalized 59,000 1,000 D D * * S S D D
Non-U.S. citizen S S S S S S D D D D
Permanent resident S S D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident S S D D S S D D D D
Sociologists and anthropologists 45,000 6,500 55,000 6,500 22,000 2,000 D D 63,000 4,500
U.S. citizen 45,000 6,500 54,000 9,500 22,000 2,000 D D 63,000 4,500
Native-born 45,000 6,500 54,000 9,500 22,000 2,000 D D 63,000 4,500
Naturalized D D D D D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen * * D D D D D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident * * D D D D D D D D
Other social and related scientists 61,000 5,000 68,000 6,000 19,000 3,000 D D 74,000 9,000
U.S. citizen 63,000 5,000 67,000 5,500 18,000 3,000 D D 71,000 7,000
Native-born 63,000 4,000 67,000 5,000 18,000 3,500 D D 71,000 7,000
Naturalized 52,000 15,000 77,000 24,500 S S D D * *
Non-U.S. citizen S S 72,000 24,000 S S D D D D
Permanent resident S S D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident S S * * S S D D D D
Engineering occupations 96,000 1,500 100,000 500 24,000 1,500 89,000 1,000 95,000 2,000
U.S. citizen 100,000 1,500 100,000 500 30,000 2,500 89,000 1,000 95,000 3,000
Native-born 100,000 2,000 100,000 500 30,000 4,000 D D 98,000 3,000
Naturalized 100,000 3,500 103,000 4,500 26,000 3,500 D D 84,000 4,500
Non-U.S. citizen 74,000 2,500 86,000 2,000 20,000 500 D D 89,000 27,000
Permanent resident 97,000 4,500 99,000 2,500 40,000 20,000 D D 95,000 21,000
Temporary resident 60,000 4,000 77,000 4,000 20,000 500 D D D D
Aeronautical/ aerospace/ astronautical engineers 112,000 2,000 113,000 3,500 22,000 6,000 D D 114,000 8,000
U.S. citizen 113,000 3,000 114,000 5,000 * * D D 114,000 8,000
Native-born 113,000 3,000 116,000 5,000 * * D D 109,000 7,000
Naturalized 113,000 15,000 105,000 15,500 * * D D 127,000 7,500
Non-U.S. citizen 89,000 11,000 100,000 14,500 S S D D D D
Permanent resident 101,000 9,000 101,000 5,000 D D D D D D
Temporary resident S S * * S S D D D D
Chemical engineers 92,000 5,500 95,000 7,000 D D D D 88,000 1,000
U.S. citizen 95,000 3,500 99,000 4,000 D D D D S S
Native-born 95,000 5,000 99,000 3,500 D D D D S S
Naturalized 96,000 6,500 95,000 12,000 D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 67,000 10,500 83,000 19,500 S S D D D D
Permanent resident 95,000 2,000 95,000 1,500 D D D D D D
Temporary resident S S S S S S D D D D
Civil, including architectural/ sanitary engineers 85,000 3,000 84,000 5,000 20,000 1,000 D D 87,000 2,500
U.S. citizen 87,000 1,500 85,000 4,500 * * D D 87,000 2,500
Native-born 87,000 2,500 85,000 5,500 * * D D 88,000 4,500
Naturalized 84,000 4,000 84,000 6,500 D D D D 84,000 5,500
Non-U.S. citizen 67,000 4,000 74,000 7,500 20,000 1,000 D D 70,000 16,500
Permanent resident 85,000 6,500 86,000 4,500 D D D D D D
Temporary resident S S 65,000 1,500 20,000 1,000 D D D D
Electrical/ computer hardware engineers 104,000 1,000 105,000 4,000 24,000 5,000 D D 107,000 10,500
U.S. citizen 108,000 3,000 109,000 2,000 34,000 10,500 D D 108,000 11,000
Native-born 105,000 4,000 106,000 3,500 30,000 4,000 D D 111,000 11,500
Naturalized 115,000 5,500 117,000 4,000 D D D D 87,000 11,000
Non-U.S. citizen 86,000 2,500 94,000 4,500 20,000 3,000 D D D D
Permanent resident 109,000 7,000 110,000 7,000 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 70,000 6,500 85,000 2,500 20,000 2,500 D D D D
Industrial engineers 89,000 8,500 90,000 9,500 S S D D 100,000 19,500
U.S. citizen 95,000 9,500 95,000 10,500 D D D D 100,000 19,500
Native-born 90,000 9,500 89,000 11,500 D D D D 95,000 19,000
Naturalized 100,000 13,500 97,000 13,500 D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 65,000 6,000 74,000 4,500 S S D D D D
Permanent resident 87,000 25,000 87,000 25,000 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 59,000 13,500 67,000 6,000 S S D D D D
Mechanical engineers 92,000 3,000 94,000 2,500 24,000 2,000 D D 97,000 3,500
U.S. citizen 95,000 2,000 96,000 3,000 32,000 8,500 D D 97,000 3,500
Native-born 96,000 2,500 96,000 3,500 31,000 6,500 D D 99,000 4,000
Naturalized 92,000 5,500 95,000 5,500 D D D D S S
Non-U.S. citizen 73,000 4,500 79,000 4,000 20,000 4,500 D D D D
Permanent resident 87,000 7,500 88,000 8,500 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 62,000 8,000 74,000 3,000 20,000 4,500 D D D D
Postsecondary teachers - engineering 26,000 6,500 D D 25,000 3,500 D D D D
U.S. citizen 42,000 13,000 D D 37,000 15,000 D D D D
Native-born 45,000 12,000 D D 40,000 14,500 D D D D
Naturalized D D D D S S D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 20,000 2,000 D D 20,000 2,000 D D D D
Permanent resident D D D D D D D D D D
Temporary resident 20,000 2,500 D D 20,000 2,500 D D D D
Other engineers 94,000 3,000 96,000 5,000 23,000 2,500 D D 100,000 8,500
U.S. citizen 95,000 4,000 97,000 4,500 27,000 4,000 D D 100,000 8,000
Native-born 96,000 5,000 97,000 5,000 26,000 8,000 D D 101,000 4,500
Naturalized 90,000 8,500 99,000 9,000 D D D D 62,000 9,500
Non-U.S. citizen 79,000 9,000 88,000 11,500 22,000 2,000 D D D D
Permanent resident 98,000 6,000 100,000 11,000 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 59,000 22,000 83,000 2,500 21,000 2,000 D D D D
S&E-related occupations 68,000 2,000 78,000 3,000 62,000 2,500 55,000 1,500 84,000 3,000
U.S. citizen 68,000 2,000 79,000 3,000 63,000 4,000 55,000 1,500 84,000 3,000
Native-born 65,000 1,500 76,000 2,000 64,000 4,500 55,000 1,000 84,000 3,500
Naturalized 81,000 3,500 90,000 2,500 56,000 3,000 64,000 2,000 85,000 5,500
Non-U.S. citizen 71,000 2,500 74,000 1,500 37,000 11,000 59,000 4,000 54,000 16,000
Permanent resident 70,000 4,500 74,000 7,500 40,000 8,000 59,000 500 59,000 18,500
Temporary resident 71,000 2,000 74,000 2,500 30,000 5,500 S S D D
Health and related 65,000 1,500 70,000 2,500 62,000 2,000 55,000 1,500 75,000 4,000
U.S. citizen 65,000 2,000 70,000 1,500 62,000 2,000 55,000 1,500 75,000 4,000
Native-born 65,000 1,000 69,000 3,000 62,000 2,000 55,000 2,000 75,000 4,000
Naturalized 72,000 4,500 74,000 5,000 55,000 12,500 50,000 3,500 71,000 9,500
Non-U.S. citizen 58,000 10,000 56,000 9,500 90,000 42,500 D D 59,000 14,500
Permanent resident 54,000 14,000 53,000 15,500 D D S S D D
Temporary resident 60,000 15,000 61,000 15,500 70,000 12,500 D D D D
S&E manager 110,000 3,000 120,000 500 104,000 27,000 74,000 5,000 91,000 4,000
U.S. citizen 112,000 6,000 122,000 4,000 106,000 26,000 74,000 5,000 91,000 3,500
Native-born 110,000 2,000 120,000 1,000 108,000 30,000 74,000 5,000 91,000 4,000
Naturalized 122,000 4,500 127,000 5,000 S S D D 92,000 8,000
Non-U.S. citizen 94,000 10,500 94,000 11,000 D D D D D D
Permanent resident 104,000 10,000 107,000 10,500 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 88,000 5,000 88,000 5,000 D D D D D D
S&E precollege teacher 55,000 1,500 D D D D 55,000 1,500 D D
U.S. citizen 55,000 1,500 D D D D 55,000 1,500 D D
Native-born 54,000 2,000 D D D D 54,000 2,000 D D
Naturalized 64,000 1,500 D D D D 64,000 1,500 D D
Non-U.S. citizen 59,000 3,000 D D D D 59,000 3,000 D D
Permanent resident 59,000 5,000 D D D D 59,000 5,000 D D
Temporary resident 71,000 21,500 D D D D 71,000 21,500 D D
S&E technician/ technologist 80,000 3,000 84,000 2,500 39,000 2,500 S S 72,000 3,500
U.S. citizen 82,000 2,000 84,000 1,500 44,000 4,500 S S 72,000 5,000
Native-born 80,000 3,500 83,000 3,000 45,000 10,500 S S 72,000 5,500
Naturalized 84,000 1,500 84,000 11,000 43,000 5,500 D D 71,000 13,000
Non-U.S. citizen 65,000 8,500 72,000 8,000 24,000 4,500 D D D D
Permanent resident 74,000 15,500 81,000 11,500 S S D D D D
Temporary resident 60,000 7,500 70,000 5,500 22,000 4,000 D D D D
Other S&E-related 72,000 7,000 71,000 7,000 S S D D 96,000 15,000
U.S. citizen 75,000 6,000 75,000 7,000 S S D D 96,000 15,000
Native-born 74,000 8,000 73,000 8,500 S S D D S S
Naturalized 98,000 12,000 98,000 25,000 D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 60,000 4,500 60,000 4,500 D D D D D D
Permanent resident 58,000 5,000 58,000 5,000 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 57,000 9,500 57,000 9,500 D D D D D D
Non-S&E occupations 60,000 1,000 69,000 2,500 46,000 3,000 52,000 500 68,000 3,000
U.S. citizen 60,000 500 68,000 4,000 47,000 3,500 52,000 500 68,000 2,500
Native-born 60,000 500 65,000 3,500 45,000 2,000 52,000 500 69,000 2,500
Naturalized 70,000 2,500 76,000 7,000 61,000 2,000 60,000 3,500 66,000 11,500
Non-U.S. citizen 64,000 4,500 70,000 4,000 26,000 12,000 24,000 10,500 27,000 4,000
Permanent resident 58,000 8,500 62,000 4,000 59,000 14,000 S S S S
Temporary resident 77,000 6,500 89,000 12,500 16,000 1,000 S S D D
Arts/ humanities/ related 37,000 4,500 37,000 3,000 53,000 13,500 D D 58,000 5,500
U.S. citizen 37,000 2,000 37,000 3,000 54,000 13,000 D D 59,000 10,000
Native-born 37,000 2,000 37,000 2,000 54,000 13,000 D D 59,000 10,000
Naturalized S S S S D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 45,000 6,500 46,000 5,000 D D D D D D
Permanent resident 40,000 17,000 40,000 15,500 D D D D D D
Temporary resident S S S S D D D D D D
Management-related 85,000 2,000 90,000 2,500 62,000 5,500 59,000 7,000 78,000 4,000
U.S. citizen 85,000 1,500 90,000 2,500 62,000 5,000 59,000 7,000 78,000 4,000
Native-born 85,000 1,500 90,000 3,500 54,000 12,000 48,000 13,000 80,000 4,500
Naturalized 83,000 7,000 90,000 4,000 72,000 6,500 D D 71,000 20,000
Non-U.S. citizen 77,000 6,500 78,000 12,000 S S D D D D
Permanent resident 84,000 14,500 89,000 12,000 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 75,000 3,500 75,000 4,000 D D D D D D
Non-S&E manager 113,000 3,500 125,000 6,000 90,000 2,000 80,000 6,500 104,000 6,000
U.S. citizen 114,000 4,000 129,000 7,000 90,000 2,000 80,000 6,500 104,000 6,000
Native-born 113,000 3,500 125,000 6,500 89,000 3,000 85,000 7,500 107,000 8,000
Naturalized 119,000 11,500 149,000 4,000 82,000 5,500 78,000 7,500 93,000 2,500
Non-U.S. citizen 99,000 8,000 99,000 8,000 D D D D D D
Permanent resident 94,000 13,000 95,000 13,000 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 106,000 10,000 106,000 10,000 D D D D D D
Non-S&E postsecondary teacher 26,000 4,000 D D 24,000 2,000 41,000 4,000 D D
U.S. citizen 26,000 4,500 D D 24,000 2,000 40,000 4,500 D D
Native-born 28,000 5,000 D D 25,000 2,500 41,000 4,000 D D
Naturalized 22,000 3,000 D D 22,000 4,500 21,000 6,000 D D
Non-U.S. citizen 18,000 8,000 D D 17,000 1,000 S S D D
Permanent resident 43,000 13,000 D D 26,000 11,500 S S D D
Temporary resident 16,000 1,000 D D 16,000 1,500 D D D D
Non-S&E precollege/ other teacher 50,000 1,000 D D D D 50,000 1,000 D D
U.S. citizen 50,000 1,000 D D D D 50,000 1,000 D D
Native-born 50,000 1,500 D D D D 50,000 1,500 D D
Naturalized 50,000 9,000 D D D D 50,000 9,000 D D
Non-U.S. citizen S S D D D D S S D D
Permanent resident S S D D D D S S D D
Temporary resident S S D D D D S S D D
Sales/ marketing 65,000 5,500 65,000 6,000 50,000 18,500 D D 83,000 14,000
U.S. citizen 65,000 5,000 65,000 6,500 50,000 18,500 D D 83,000 14,000
Native-born 68,000 6,500 68,000 7,500 41,000 14,500 D D 85,000 14,000
Naturalized 62,000 1,000 62,000 1,000 D D D D D D
Non-U.S. citizen 69,000 29,500 69,000 29,500 D D D D D D
Permanent resident 45,000 12,500 45,000 12,500 D D D D D D
Temporary resident 143,000 17,000 143,000 17,000 D D D D D D
Social service-related 46,000 1,500 41,000 1,500 45,000 2,000 54,000 2,000 55,000 3,000
U.S. citizen 47,000 2,000 42,000 2,500 44,000 1,500 54,000 2,000 56,000 3,000
Native-born 46,000 1,500 41,000 2,500 44,000 3,000 54,000 2,000 57,000 4,000
Naturalized 53,000 5,000 52,000 8,500 60,000 8,000 55,000 10,000 46,000 3,500
Non-U.S. citizen 33,000 6,000 31,000 4,500 S S D D D D
Permanent resident 32,000 6,000 31,000 5,000 S S D D D D
Temporary resident 41,000 7,500 D D D D D D D D
Other non-S&E 37,000 2,500 35,000 3,500 30,000 1,500 21,000 4,500 52,000 2,500
U.S. citizen 38,000 2,000 37,000 4,500 31,000 2,500 22,000 5,000 53,000 2,500
Native-born 38,000 2,500 34,000 4,000 31,000 2,500 21,000 5,500 54,000 3,000
Naturalized 44,000 4,000 43,000 3,500 39,000 13,500 33,000 14,000 50,000 5,000
Non-U.S. citizen 27,000 6,000 27,000 6,500 S S D D D D
Permanent resident 23,000 10,500 19,000 3,000 S S D D D D
Temporary resident 28,000 2,000 30,000 6,500 16,000 1,500 D D D D

Data codes used in these tables: * = value < 500. D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. S = suppressed for reliability; coefficient of variation exceeds publication standards.
Abbreviations used in these tables: S&E = science and engineering; SE = standard error.
NOTES: Salaries are for principal job and rounded to the nearest $1,000. Standard errors for salaries are rounded up to the nearest $500. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Scientists and engineers are bachelor's and higher degreed individuals living in the United States with an S&E or S&E-related degree or occupation. See appendix for additional details on coverage, eligibility, educational field classification, and occupational classification. Business/industry includes self-employed individuals, nonprofit organizations, and other unspecified types of employers. Four-year college/university includes medical schools and university-affiliated research institutes. Other educational institution includes 2-year colleges, precollege institutions, and other educational institutions. Government includes federal (civilian), military, state, and local employers.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): 2013.
Data from survey cycle 2013, as of 24 February 2015.