Florida Atlantic U.
Rankings
Data year | Earned doctorates | Full-time graduate students | Total R&D expenditures | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Percentile | Institutions ranked | Rank | Percentile | Institutions ranked | Rank | Percentile | Institutions ranked | Rank | Percentile | Institutions ranked | |
2022 | 159 | 65.7 | 457 | 175 | 74.6 | 680 | 197 | 78.2 | 890 | |||
2021 | 148 | 67.4 | 447 | 190 | 72.9 | 691 | 180 | 69.6 | 583 | 190 | 79.4 | 907 |
2020 | 155 | 66 | 450 | 195 | 72.4 | 697 | 197 | 78.8 | 915 | |||
2019 | 139 | 69.4 | 447 | 199 | 71.8 | 696 | 182 | 69.5 | 589 | 202 | 78.2 | 913 |
2018 | 139 | 68 | 428 | 203 | 71.3 | 698 | 201 | 78.2 | 910 | |||
2017 | 132 | 69.4 | 425 | 190 | 72.6 | 684 | 178 | 69.5 | 575 | 202 | 77.8 | 897 |
2016 | 150 | 65.6 | 430 | 191 | 73 | 697 | 241 | 73.4 | 895 | |||
2015 | 149 | 65.5 | 426 | 194 | 72.4 | 693 | 186 | 67.8 | 570 | 258 | 71.6 | 897 |
2014 | 143 | 66.6 | 422 | 189 | 72.9 | 688 | 251 | 72.1 | 887 | |||
2013 | 157 | 62.9 | 417 | 172 | 69.4 | 555 | 174 | 70.8 | 588 | 248 | 72.3 | 884 |
NOTES:
- 1. See TableBuilder for the prior year data.
- 2. Blank white cells indicate data not available, not applicable, or institution not eligible for survey.
- 3. Data from the Survey of Science and Engineering Research Facilities is collected every two years.
Data
Fields | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All fields | 92 | 96 | 99 | 110 | 115 | 113 | 103 | 99 | 104 | 89 |
Science and engineering | 56 | 62 | 68 | 67 | 66 | 61 | 54 | 61 | 50 | 52 |
Science | 45 | 53 | 51 | 55 | 54 | 48 | 46 | 44 | 39 | 43 |
Life science | 14 | 26 | 21 | 19 | 23 | 20 | 18 | 16 | 16 | 18 |
Agricultural sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | 1 |
Biological sciences | 8 | 17 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 5 | 10 | 15 |
Health sciences | 6 | 9 | 8 | 5 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 6 | 2 |
Physical sciences and earth sciences | 11 | 9 | 7 | 11 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 3 |
Chemistry | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | . | 3 | 1 | 2 |
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences | 4 | 5 | 1 | 3 | . | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 1 |
Physics and astronomy | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 3 | . |
Mathematics and computer sciences | 12 | 10 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 5 | 9 | 7 | 4 | 10 |
Computer sciences | 9 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
Mathematics | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 8 |
Psychology and social sciences | 8 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 11 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 10 | 12 |
Psychology | 6 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 11 | 7 | 9 | 8 |
Anthropology | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 |
Political science and government | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | 1 | . | 1 |
Sociology | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . |
Other social sciences | 1 | . | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 2 |
Engineering | 11 | 9 | 17 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 8 | 17 | 11 | 9 |
Aeronautical/astronautical engineering | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | 1 | . | . | . |
Biological/biomedical sciences | 2 | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Civil engineering | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | . |
Electrical engineering | 1 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | . | 7 | 3 | 3 |
Materials/metallurgical engineering | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . |
Mechanical engineering | 1 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | . | 1 | 1 |
Other engineering | 6 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 10 | 5 | 5 |
Non-science and engineering | 36 | 34 | 31 | 43 | 49 | 52 | 49 | 38 | 54 | 37 |
Education | 22 | 23 | 20 | 23 | 35 | 30 | 32 | 25 | 36 | 20 |
Education administration | 10 | 14 | 10 | 11 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 11 | 19 | 9 |
Education research | 8 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 16 | 12 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 11 |
Teacher education | . | . | . | 1 | . | 1 | . | . | 2 | . |
Teaching fields | 3 | . | . | . | 1 | 3 | 2 | . | 1 | . |
Other education | 1 | 1 | . | 1 | . | 1 | 1 | . | 2 | . |
Humanities | 5 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 3 |
Foreign languages & literature | 2 | . | 1 | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . |
History | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . |
Letters | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
Other humanities and arts | 1 | . | . | 4 | 2 | . | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Other | 9 | 8 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 19 | 14 | 9 | 13 | 14 |
Business management/administration | 6 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 7 |
Communication | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | 1 | . | . | 3 |
Fields not elsewhere classified (nec) | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates
All races | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All full-time students | 837 | 672 | 600 | 595 | 554 | 622 | 688 | 667 | 677 | 724 |
Male | 422 | 312 | 301 | 302 | 273 | 339 | 375 | 337 | 349 | 374 |
Female | 415 | 360 | 299 | 293 | 281 | 283 | 313 | 330 | 328 | 350 |
U.S. citizens and permanent residents | 446 | 518 | 443 | 445 | 420 | 454 | 516 | 535 | 565 | 603 |
Hispanic or Latino | 109 | 107 | 88 | 91 | 88 | 99 | 105 | 78 | 102 | 118 |
Not Hispanic or Latino | 336 | 411 | 355 | 354 | 332 | 355 | 411 | 457 | 444 | 465 |
American Indian or Alaska Native | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Asian | 39 | 45 | 34 | 39 | 26 | 33 | 29 | 28 | 22 | 33 |
Black or African American | 65 | 65 | 48 | 40 | 38 | 34 | 49 | 60 | 67 | 55 |
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
White | 230 | 299 | 270 | 271 | 263 | 284 | 317 | 356 | 353 | 374 |
More than one race | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 13 | 0 | 0 |
Unknown ethnicity and race | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 20 |
Temporary visa holders | 391 | 154 | 157 | 150 | 134 | 168 | 172 | 132 | 112 | 121 |
Science and engineering | 751 | 587 | 516 | 506 | 457 | 535 | 589 | 564 | 575 | 624 |
Science | 617 | 469 | 416 | 400 | 361 | 396 | 466 | 455 | 481 | 514 |
Agricultural and veterinary sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | 19 | 15 | 14 | 12 |
Biological and biomedical sciences | 124 | 131 | 98 | 100 | 90 | 101 | 96 | 91 | 105 | 103 |
Communication | . | . | . | . | . | . | 21 | 22 | 22 | 16 |
Computer and information sciences | 212 | 78 | 77 | 66 | 43 | 47 | 59 | 36 | 32 | 49 |
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | 43 | 52 | 52 | 49 | 37 | 35 | 25 | 17 | 19 | 20 |
Mathematics and statistics | 23 | 24 | 22 | 28 | 20 | 27 | 33 | 35 | 36 | 35 |
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies | 63 | 14 | 8 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Natural resources and conservation | 15 | 14 | 5 | 12 | 13 | 11 | . | . | . | . |
Psychology | 36 | 42 | 51 | 46 | 51 | 47 | 51 | 39 | 41 | 62 |
Physical sciences | 23 | 26 | 22 | 29 | 32 | 39 | 29 | 33 | 34 | 38 |
Social sciences | 78 | 88 | 81 | 70 | 75 | 89 | 133 | 167 | 178 | 179 |
Engineering | 134 | 118 | 100 | 106 | 96 | 139 | 123 | 109 | 94 | 110 |
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | . | 0 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Biological, biomedical, and biosystems engineering | 19 | 21 | 9 | 15 | 15 | 20 | 12 | 7 | 12 | 10 |
Chemical, petroleum, and chemical-related engineering | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Civil, environmental, transportation and related engineering fields | 18 | 22 | 16 | 22 | 13 | 18 | 13 | 15 | 11 | 9 |
Electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering | 54 | 41 | 40 | 31 | 26 | 39 | 32 | 32 | 34 | 39 |
Industrial, manufacturing, systems engineering and operations research | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Mechanical engineering | 20 | 11 | 17 | 14 | 15 | 33 | 35 | 22 | 11 | 20 |
Metallurgical, mining, materials and related engineering fields | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Other engineering | 23 | 23 | 18 | 24 | 27 | 29 | 31 | 33 | 26 | 32 |
Health | 86 | 85 | 84 | 89 | 97 | 87 | 99 | 103 | 102 | 100 |
Clinical medicine | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 2 |
Other health | 83 | 81 | 80 | 85 | 93 | 84 | 97 | 97 | 101 | 98 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Fields of study are grouped as they appear in survey data table (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2).
All races | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All part-time students | 655 | 631 | 571 | 525 | 558 | 473 | 605 | 612 | 637 | 641 |
Male | 369 | 381 | 333 | 315 | 343 | 304 | 351 | 327 | 318 | 326 |
Female | 286 | 250 | 238 | 210 | 215 | 169 | 254 | 285 | 319 | 315 |
U.S. citizens and permanent residents | 523 | 481 | 465 | 425 | 430 | 380 | 536 | 552 | 572 | 578 |
Hispanic or Latino | 120 | 111 | 101 | 88 | 87 | 71 | 105 | 112 | 118 | 104 |
Not Hispanic or Latino | 402 | 370 | 364 | 337 | 343 | 309 | 430 | 437 | 438 | 456 |
American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Asian | 61 | 47 | 50 | 38 | 41 | 35 | 27 | 23 | 32 | 33 |
Black or African American | 67 | 59 | 49 | 46 | 47 | 37 | 74 | 72 | 76 | 94 |
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
White | 273 | 261 | 260 | 250 | 251 | 235 | 310 | 324 | 329 | 327 |
More than one race | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 17 | 0 | 0 |
Unknown ethnicity and race | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 16 | 18 |
Temporary visa holders | 132 | 150 | 106 | 100 | 128 | 93 | 69 | 60 | 65 | 63 |
Science and engineering | 595 | 579 | 513 | 467 | 497 | 454 | 539 | 549 | 559 | 567 |
Science | 457 | 444 | 384 | 336 | 345 | 318 | 403 | 441 | 442 | 456 |
Agricultural and veterinary sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | 5 | 11 | 8 | 12 |
Biological and biomedical sciences | 77 | 65 | 85 | 82 | 92 | 67 | 72 | 77 | 60 | 67 |
Communication | . | . | . | . | . | . | 17 | 14 | 15 | 14 |
Computer and information sciences | 126 | 133 | 103 | 78 | 72 | 67 | 64 | 45 | 56 | 67 |
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | 46 | 49 | 39 | 37 | 36 | 29 | 21 | 18 | 17 | 19 |
Mathematics and statistics | 36 | 34 | 30 | 33 | 38 | 32 | 22 | 26 | 24 | 26 |
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies | 25 | 21 | 5 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Natural resources and conservation | 10 | 10 | 12 | 8 | 8 | 14 | . | . | . | . |
Psychology | 58 | 50 | 32 | 26 | 29 | 28 | 25 | 39 | 40 | 26 |
Physical sciences | 41 | 43 | 38 | 37 | 38 | 28 | 35 | 30 | 25 | 17 |
Social sciences | 38 | 39 | 40 | 35 | 32 | 53 | 142 | 181 | 197 | 208 |
Engineering | 138 | 135 | 129 | 131 | 152 | 136 | 136 | 108 | 117 | 111 |
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | . | 0 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Biological, biomedical, and biosystems engineering | 17 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 5 |
Chemical, petroleum, and chemical-related engineering | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Civil, environmental, transportation and related engineering fields | 18 | 15 | 13 | 15 | 23 | 21 | 23 | 14 | 21 | 15 |
Electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering | 53 | 57 | 46 | 50 | 57 | 53 | 55 | 48 | 60 | 61 |
Industrial, manufacturing, systems engineering and operations research | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Mechanical engineering | 19 | 18 | 19 | 25 | 35 | 30 | 29 | 25 | 17 | 14 |
Metallurgical, mining, materials and related engineering fields | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Other engineering | 31 | 32 | 39 | 30 | 25 | 18 | 21 | 12 | 11 | 16 |
Health | 60 | 52 | 58 | 58 | 61 | 19 | 66 | 63 | 78 | 74 |
Clinical medicine | 8 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 9 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 8 |
Other health | 52 | 49 | 54 | 54 | 52 | 12 | 62 | 60 | 72 | 66 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Fields of study are grouped as they appear in survey data table (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2).
Field | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All surveyed fields | 72 | 38 | 34 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 36 | 30 | 26 | 26 |
Science and engineering | 72 | 38 | 34 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 36 | 30 | 26 | 26 |
Science | 46 | 21 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 14 | 14 | 11 | 12 | 14 |
Agricultural and veterinary sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Biological and biomedical sciences | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 |
Communication | . | . | . | . | . | . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Computer and information sciences | 34 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Mathematics and statistics | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies | 0 | 0 | 0 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Natural resources and conservation | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | . | . | . | . |
Psychology | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Physical sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Social sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Engineering | 26 | 17 | 16 | 21 | 20 | 26 | 22 | 19 | 14 | 12 |
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | . | 0 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Biological, biomedical, and biosystems engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Chemical, petroleum, and chemical-related engineering | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Civil, environmental, transportation and related engineering fields | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
Industrial, manufacturing, systems engineering and operations research | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Mechanical engineering | 10 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 10 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
Metallurgical, mining, materials and related engineering fields | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Other engineering | 7 | 11 | 9 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 8 |
Health | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Clinical medicine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Other health | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Fields of study are grouped as they appear in survey data table (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2).
Type and primary source of support | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All types and sources of support | 837 | 672 | 600 | 595 | 554 | 622 | 688 | 667 | 677 | 724 |
Fellowships | 21 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
Federal | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Institutional | 16 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
Nonfederal | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Research assistantships | 154 | 64 | 56 | 54 | 56 | 71 | 86 | 81 | 78 | 66 |
Federal | 61 | 26 | 23 | 27 | 26 | 31 | 35 | 29 | 25 | 25 |
Institutional | 77 | 33 | 30 | 25 | 27 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 31 |
Nonfederal | 16 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 10 |
Teaching assistantships | 265 | 278 | 239 | 239 | 232 | 267 | 327 | 308 | 318 | 231 |
Federal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Institutional | 265 | 278 | 239 | 239 | 232 | 267 | 323 | 306 | 315 | 231 |
Nonfederal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
Other types of support | 397 | 319 | 295 | 291 | 255 | 276 | 274 | 276 | 279 | 424 |
Federal | 8 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Institutional | 96 | 54 | 45 | 39 | 43 | 44 | 53 | 54 | 56 | 191 |
Nonfederal | 12 | 26 | 27 | 26 | 19 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Personal resources | 281 | 232 | 217 | 219 | 185 | 206 | 220 | 221 | 222 | 230 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
All races | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Science and engineering | 55 | 35 | 48 | 51 | 31 | 27 | 0 | 11 | 11 | 9 |
Science | 43 | 28 | 40 | 43 | 27 | 22 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 8 |
Agricultural and veterinary sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Biological and biomedical sciences | 18 | 14 | 17 | 28 | 19 | 9 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
Communication | . | . | . | . | . | . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Computer and information sciences | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | 6 | 11 | 13 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 2 |
Mathematics and statistics | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies | 5 | 0 | 0 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Natural resources and conservation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | . | . | . | . |
Psychology | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Physical sciences | 4 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Social sciences | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Engineering | 12 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Biological, biomedical, and biosystems engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Chemical, petroleum, and chemical-related engineering | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Civil, environmental, transportation and related engineering fields | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering | 7 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Industrial, manufacturing, systems engineering and operations research | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Mechanical engineering | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Metallurgical, mining, materials and related engineering fields | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Other engineering | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Health | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Clinical medicine | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Other health | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Fields of study are grouped as they appear in survey data table (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2).
Field | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All surveyed fields | 15 | 12 | 20 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Science and engineering | 15 | 12 | 19 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Science | 11 | 10 | 14 | 8 | 11 | 10 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Agricultural and veterinary sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Biological and biomedical sciences | 5 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 9 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Communication | . | . | . | . | . | . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Computer and information sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | 2 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Mathematics and statistics | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies | 0 | 0 | 0 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Natural resources and conservation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | . | . | . | . |
Psychology | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Physical sciences | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Social sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Engineering | 4 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | . | 0 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Biological, biomedical, and biosystems engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Chemical, petroleum, and chemical-related engineering | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Civil, environmental, transportation and related engineering fields | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Industrial, manufacturing, systems engineering and operations research | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Mechanical engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Metallurgical, mining, materials and related engineering fields | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Other engineering | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Health | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Clinical medicine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Other health | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Fields of study are grouped as they appear in survey data table (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2).
Field | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All R&D fields | 61,748 | 58,471 | 53,845 | 51,085 | 48,024 | 46,025 | 26,750 | 21,214 | 22,997 | 23,967 | ||||||||||
Science | 42,144 | 37,916 | 39,428 | 34,949 | 32,535 | 34,333 | 20,229 | 16,667 | 17,459 | 18,299 | ||||||||||
Computer and information sciences | 2,776 | 2,479 | 2,586 | 2,170 | 1,427 | 1,866 | 888 | 827 | 1,369 | 1,422 | ||||||||||
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | 1,332 | 2,013 | 1,186 | 1,149 | 1,017 | 405 | 217 | 584 | 790 | 449 | ||||||||||
Atmospheric science and meteorology | 236 | 369 | 284 | 179 | 79 | 74 | 217 | 215 | 236 | 74 | ||||||||||
Geological and earth sciences | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 309 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Ocean sciences and marine sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 22 | 101 | ||||||||||
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences, not elsewhere classified | 1,096 | 1,644 | 898 | 970 | 629 | 331 | 0 | 361 | 532 | 274 | ||||||||||
Life sciences | 31,522 | 27,748 | 28,725 | 25,420 | 23,880 | 25,082 | 15,877 | 13,276 | 12,739 | 12,985 | ||||||||||
Agricultural sciences | 28 | 0 | 73 | 249 | 259 | 285 | 441 | 355 | 406 | 1,640 | ||||||||||
Biological and biomedical sciences | 18,712 | 18,879 | 16,997 | 13,061 | 11,013 | 9,984 | 7,504 | 6,756 | 4,443 | 4,502 | ||||||||||
Health sciences | 9,696 | 8,431 | 7,865 | 7,432 | 7,705 | 8,322 | 3,601 | 4,312 | 5,754 | 5,664 | ||||||||||
Natural resources and conservation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 740 | 553 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Life sciences, not elsewhere classified | 3,086 | 438 | 3,790 | 4,678 | 4,903 | 5,751 | 3,778 | 1,853 | 2,136 | 1,179 | ||||||||||
Mathematics and statistics | 1,403 | 1,026 | 1,268 | 883 | 631 | 357 | 216 | 123 | 98 | 229 | ||||||||||
Physical sciences | 2,364 | 2,726 | 3,147 | 2,794 | 2,653 | 3,640 | 1,324 | 847 | 1,178 | 1,238 | ||||||||||
Astronomy and astrophysics | 75 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 47 | 83 | 0 | ||||||||||
Chemistry | 1,628 | 1,668 | 1,772 | 2,184 | 2,181 | 2,827 | 1,134 | 579 | 794 | 564 | ||||||||||
Materials science | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 81 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Physics | 561 | 849 | 991 | 560 | 472 | 323 | 190 | 221 | 301 | 489 | ||||||||||
Physical sciences, not elsewhere classified | 100 | 172 | 384 | 50 | 0 | 409 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 185 | ||||||||||
Psychology | 2,486 | 1,771 | 2,306 | 2,391 | 2,820 | 2,938 | 1,678 | 997 | 1,248 | 1,947 | ||||||||||
Social sciences | 261 | 153 | 210 | 142 | 107 | 45 | 29 | 13 | 37 | 29 | ||||||||||
Anthropology | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Economics | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Political science and government | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Sociology, demography, and population studies | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | ||||||||||
Social sciences, not elsewhere classified | 261 | 153 | 210 | 142 | 107 | 45 | 29 | 13 | 37 | 15 | ||||||||||
Sciences, not elsewhere classified | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Engineering | 16,449 | 17,064 | 10,574 | 11,450 | 12,099 | 8,585 | 4,929 | 3,051 | 4,301 | 4,295 | ||||||||||
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | 85 | 92 | 98 | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Bioengineering and biomedical engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Chemical engineering | 1,550 | 0 | 50 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Civil engineering | 2,121 | 3,601 | 2,788 | 2,833 | 1,799 | 1,317 | 760 | 998 | 449 | 229 | ||||||||||
Electrical, electronic, and communications engineering | 23 | 660 | 73 | 97 | 92 | 74 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | ||||||||||
Industrial and manufacturing engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Mechanical engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 110 | 229 | ||||||||||
Metallurgical and materials engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Engineering not elsewhere classified | 12,670 | 12,711 | 7,565 | 8,425 | 10,208 | 7,194 | 4,169 | 2,051 | 3,742 | 3,819 | ||||||||||
Non-S&E | 3,155 | 3,491 | 3,843 | 4,686 | 3,390 | 3,107 | 1,592 | 1,496 | 1,237 | 1,373 | ||||||||||
Business management and business administration | 1,159 | 1,265 | 816 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 97 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Communication and communications technologies | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Education | 417 | 544 | 514 | 503 | 1,071 | 1,414 | 966 | 1,193 | 977 | 1,105 | ||||||||||
Humanities | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | ||||||||||
Law | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Social work | 271 | 90 | 26 | 86 | 14 | 35 | 51 | 62 | 50 | 39 | ||||||||||
Visual and performing arts | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Non-S&E, not elsewhere classified | 1,307 | 1,591 | 2,487 | 4,093 | 2,305 | 1,648 | 478 | 241 | 210 | 227 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Prior to FY 2016, expenditures for natural resources and conservation, materials science, anthropology, and industrial and manufacturing engineering were not collected separately. R&D expenditures in agricultural sciences decreased in FY 2016 because a number of disciplines previously reported in that field are now reported separately under natural resources and conservation.
SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Higher Education R&D Survey
Field | All R&D expenditures | Federal government | State and local government | Institution funds | Business | Nonprofit organizations | All other sources | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All R&D fields | 61,748 | 28,641 | 7,443 | 15,422 | 2,431 | 5,831 | 1,980 | |||||||
Science | 42,144 | 17,968 | 3,520 | 11,173 | 2,315 | 5,336 | 1,832 | |||||||
Computer and information sciences | 2,776 | 1,715 | 79 | 646 | 137 | 31 | 168 | |||||||
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | 1,332 | 348 | 77 | 478 | 0 | 65 | 364 | |||||||
Atmospheric science and meteorology | 236 | 164 | 3 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 30 | |||||||
Geological and earth sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Ocean sciences and marine sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences, not elsewhere classified | 1,096 | 184 | 74 | 439 | 0 | 65 | 334 | |||||||
Life sciences | 31,522 | 12,398 | 3,072 | 7,597 | 2,128 | 5,148 | 1,179 | |||||||
Agricultural sciences | 28 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |||||||
Biological and biomedical sciences | 18,712 | 6,104 | 1,971 | 4,720 | 1,502 | 3,531 | 884 | |||||||
Health sciences | 9,696 | 5,628 | 743 | 2,114 | 311 | 613 | 287 | |||||||
Natural resources and conservation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Life sciences, not elsewhere classified | 3,086 | 639 | 358 | 763 | 315 | 1,003 | 8 | |||||||
Mathematics and statistics | 1,403 | 704 | 31 | 636 | 0 | 1 | 31 | |||||||
Physical sciences | 2,364 | 1,498 | 44 | 720 | 50 | 41 | 11 | |||||||
Astronomy and astrophysics | 75 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Chemistry | 1,628 | 926 | 44 | 610 | 0 | 41 | 7 | |||||||
Materials science | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Physics | 561 | 460 | 0 | 47 | 50 | 0 | 4 | |||||||
Physical sciences, not elsewhere classified | 100 | 37 | 0 | 63 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Psychology | 2,486 | 1,126 | 187 | 1,044 | 0 | 50 | 79 | |||||||
Social sciences | 261 | 179 | 30 | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Anthropology | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Economics | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Political science and government | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Sociology, demography, and population studies | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Social sciences, not elsewhere classified | 261 | 179 | 30 | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Sciences, not elsewhere classified | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Engineering | 16,449 | 9,749 | 3,744 | 2,490 | 116 | 219 | 131 | |||||||
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | 85 | 85 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Bioengineering and biomedical engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Chemical engineering | 1,550 | 0 | 1,243 | 305 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |||||||
Civil engineering | 2,121 | 1,303 | 348 | 470 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Electrical, electronic, and communications engineering | 23 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Industrial and manufacturing engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Mechanical engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Metallurgical and materials engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Engineering not elsewhere classified | 12,670 | 8,338 | 2,153 | 1,715 | 116 | 219 | 129 | |||||||
Non-S&E | 3,155 | 924 | 179 | 1,759 | 0 | 276 | 17 | |||||||
Business management and business administration | 1,159 | 0 | 69 | 1,075 | 0 | 0 | 15 | |||||||
Communication and communications technologies | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Education | 417 | 218 | 14 | 167 | 0 | 17 | 1 | |||||||
Humanities | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Law | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Social work | 271 | 93 | 77 | 53 | 0 | 48 | 0 | |||||||
Visual and performing arts | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Non-S&E, not elsewhere classified | 1,307 | 613 | 19 | 463 | 0 | 211 | 1 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Prior to FY 2016, expenditures for natural resources and conservation, materials science, anthropology, and industrial and manufacturing engineering were not collected separately. R&D expenditures in agricultural sciences decreased in FY 2016 because a number of disciplines previously reported in that field are now reported separately under natural resources and conservation.
SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Higher Education R&D Survey
Source of funds | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Federal Agencies | 28,641 | 28,510 | 23,695 | 21,667 | 18,771 | 17,172 | 15,356 | 11,574 | 13,234 | 13,555 | ||||||||||
DOD | 6,289 | 5,985 | 3,964 | 3,253 | 2,844 | 1,533 | 1,951 | 1,339 | 1,901 | 2,434 | ||||||||||
DOE | 700 | 519 | 393 | 347 | 351 | 582 | 1,014 | 693 | 1,156 | 1,148 | ||||||||||
HHS | 9,579 | 8,977 | 7,931 | 7,898 | 6,706 | 6,673 | 5,202 | 5,119 | 5,791 | 5,718 | ||||||||||
NASA | 713 | 592 | 515 | 305 | 262 | 174 | 130 | 55 | 121 | 285 | ||||||||||
NSF | 4,214 | 4,111 | 4,130 | 3,613 | 3,219 | 3,147 | 2,956 | 1,836 | 1,292 | 1,401 | ||||||||||
USDA | 2,462 | 2,351 | 857 | 77 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 57 | ||||||||||
Other | 4,684 | 5,975 | 5,905 | 6,174 | 5,330 | 5,063 | 4,103 | 2,532 | 2,950 | 2,512 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Higher Education R&D Survey
Year | All personnel | Principal investigators | Other personnel | Postdocs | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2022 | . | . | . | . | |||
2021 | . | . | . | . | |||
2020 | . | . | . | . | |||
2019 | 826 | 195 | 631 | . | |||
2018 | 719 | 173 | 546 | . | |||
2017 | 563 | 149 | 414 | . | |||
2016 | 416 | 113 | 303 | . |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Higher Education R&D Survey
Field | 2021 | 2019 | 2017 | 2015 | 2013 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All research space | 291 | 287 | 285 | 272 | 301 |
Agricultural sciences | 39 | 39 | 42 | 23 | 28 |
Biological and biomedical sciences | 123 | 123 | 102 | 73 | 131 |
Computer and information sciences | 7 | 0 | 6 | 16 | 5 |
Engineering | 32 | 34 | 48 | 30 | 41 |
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | 10 | 10 | 20 | 22 | 5 |
Health sciences | 1 | 1 | 3 | 36 | 45 |
Mathematics and statistics | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Natural resources and conservation | 3 | 3 | 8 | 1 | . |
Physical sciences | 23 | 24 | 33 | 26 | 20 |
Psychology | 10 | 10 | 2 | 14 | 19 |
Social sciences | 5 | 5 | 9 | 7 | 6 |
Other | 38 | 38 | 12 | 22 | 0 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Data from the Survey of Science and Engineering Research Facilities is collected every two years.
Field | Planned to start in FY 2022 or FY 2023 | Started in FY 2020 or FY 2021 | Started in FY 2018 or FY 2019 | Started in FY 2016 or FY 2017 | Started in FY 2014 or FY 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All research space | . | 38,500 | . | 2,068 | . |
Biological and biomedical sciences | . | 38,500 | . | . | . |
Health sciences | . | . | . | 2,068 | . |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Data from the Survey of Science and Engineering Research Facilities is collected every two years.
Field | Planned to start in FY 2022 or FY 2023 | Started in FY 2020 or FY 2021 | Started in FY 2018 or FY 2019 | Started in FY 2016 or FY 2017 | Started in FY 2014 or FY 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All research space | 1,167 | 716 | 582 | 700 | 0 |
Agricultural sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Biological and biomedical sciences | 1,167 | 716 | 582 | 0 | 0 |
Computer and information sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Health sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 700 | 0 |
Mathematics and statistics | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Natural resources and conservation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Physical sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Psychology | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Social sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Data from the Survey of Science and Engineering Research Facilities is collected every two years.