Harvard U.

Rankings

Data year Earned doctorates Full-time graduate students Total R&D expenditures
Rank Percentile Institutions ranked Rank Percentile Institutions ranked Rank Percentile Institutions ranked Rank Percentile Institutions ranked
2023 13 97.4 459 37 94.7 679 18 97.2 602 15 98.5 914
2022 11 97.8 457 34 95.2 680 13 98.7 900
2021 16 96.7 447 34 95.3 691 17 97.3 583 10 99 908
2020 17 96.5 450 33 95.4 698 9 99.1 916
2019 9 98.2 447 31 95.7 697 18 97.1 589 9 99.1 914
2018 12 97.4 428 29 96 700 9 99.1 911
2017 13 97.2 425 29 95.9 684 16 97.4 575 9 99.1 898
2016 13 97.2 430 21 97.2 697 8 99.2 896
2015 12 97.4 426 21 97.1 693 15 97.6 570 10 99 898
2014 11 97.6 422 20 97.3 688 11 98.9 889
NOTES:
  • 1. See TableBuilder for the prior year data.
  • 2. Blank white cells indicate data not available, not applicable, or institution not eligible for survey.
  • 3. Data from the Survey of Science and Engineering Research Facilities is collected every two years.

Data

Number of earned doctorates, by trend major field of study of recipients: 2023–14
Fields 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014
All fields 725 753 621 628 738 717 683 677 706 715
  Science and engineering 573 570 480 485 581 556 496 508 528 529
    Agricultural sciences and natural resources 2 1 . 2 3 . 2 2 . 2
      Natural resources and conservation 2 1 . 2 3 . 2 2 . 2
    Biological and biomedical sciences 208 207 159 187 224 211 172 194 220 200
      Biochemistry and biophysics 16 13 14 15 16 21 22 19 21 23
      Biology and biomedical sciences, general 46 33 22 55 38 37 24 40 24 23
      Bioinformatics, biostatistics, and computational biology 29 21 25 13 28 22 16 11 10 10
      Cellular and developmental biology, and anatomy 5 5 3 2 7 10 6 8 15 16
      Ecology, evolutionary biology, and epidemiology 34 37 33 27 27 36 31 32 30 25
      Genetics and genomics 16 8 7 8 10 7 3 5 9 18
      Microbiology and immunology 32 44 24 28 32 31 27 23 42 27
      Molecular biology 6 11 10 6 11 14 8 6 13 15
      Neurobiology and neurosciences 21 28 16 20 27 18 20 31 30 19
      Pharmacology and toxicology . . . . . . . . 1 .
      Physiology, pathology, and cancer biology . 4 1 2 14 6 6 7 8 9
      Biology and biomedical sciences, other 3 3 4 11 14 9 9 12 17 15
    Computer and information sciences 18 19 14 11 18 8 11 5 10 11
      Computer science 16 19 14 11 18 8 11 5 10 11
      Computer and information sciences, other 2 . . . . . . . . .
    Engineering 26 41 25 21 27 18 23 25 25 30
      Bioengineering and biomedical engineering 9 10 4 8 9 5 6 3 10 14
      Civil, environmental, and transportation engineering 2 . 1 2 1 . 1 2 4 .
      Electrical and computer engineering 3 5 2 3 . 1 2 3 1 4
      Materials and mining engineering 4 5 2 . 5 1 3 8 1 2
      Mechanical engineering 5 7 5 2 8 1 2 4 1 1
      Engineering, other 3 14 11 6 4 10 9 5 8 9
    Geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences 11 17 7 11 10 11 15 8 11 15
      Geological sciences 5 8 5 6 5 5 7 6 5 8
      Ocean, marine, and atmospheric sciences 6 9 2 5 5 6 8 2 6 7
    Health sciences 33 32 40 37 42 58 38 22 27 23
      Pharmaceutical sciences . . . . . . . . . .
      Public health 29 30 31 34 37 57 35 21 24 22
      Health sciences, other 4 2 9 3 5 1 3 1 3 1
    Mathematics and statistics 23 26 27 19 21 27 18 20 26 23
      Applied mathematics 6 10 9 4 3 5 5 3 3 4
      Mathematics 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 6 13 9
      Statistics 4 5 5 6 6 11 4 3 9 8
      Mathematics and statistics, other 10 9 11 7 9 9 6 8 1 2
    Physical sciences 103 103 91 82 116 97 90 93 78 88
      Astronomy and astrophysics 15 16 17 7 8 15 12 16 9 9
      Chemistry 39 32 27 25 46 30 31 28 18 25
      Physics 49 55 47 50 62 52 47 49 51 54
    Psychology 15 17 13 13 24 13 19 15 16 16
      Clinical psychology 1 3 3 3 7 4 3 4 1 3
      Counseling and applied psychology . . 1 1 . . 1 1 . .
      Research and experimental psychology 7 11 6 6 17 6 11 6 12 10
      Psychology, other 7 3 3 3 . 3 4 4 3 3
    Social sciences 134 107 104 102 96 113 108 124 115 121
      Anthropology 8 9 5 8 5 7 9 15 5 16
      Economics 36 30 32 25 29 46 33 33 34 35
      Political science and government 33 13 23 16 20 18 21 28 32 21
      Public policy analysis 16 16 15 24 13 10 11 14 15 9
      Sociology, demography, and population studies 9 14 5 11 8 16 13 8 14 10
      Social sciences, other 32 25 24 18 21 16 21 26 15 30
  Non-science and engineering 152 183 141 143 157 161 187 169 178 186
    Business 17 17 15 17 19 20 13 19 18 12
      Business 17 17 15 17 19 20 13 19 18 12
    Education 14 24 16 21 17 23 25 32 36 39
      Education leadership and administration . 1 . . 2 1 3 7 6 11
      Education research 11 12 9 6 9 10 12 10 23 18
      Teacher education and teaching fields . 2 1 . 1 6 3 3 2 3
      Education, other 3 9 6 15 5 6 7 12 5 7
    Humanities and arts 103 125 87 92 103 106 135 105 112 121
      Letters 16 20 18 18 19 14 23 21 21 21
      Foreign languages and literature 11 23 9 15 21 14 23 17 19 21
      History 27 26 23 20 29 28 33 27 25 37
      Philosophy and religious studies 20 26 19 15 15 20 23 14 18 19
      Music and performing arts 9 11 3 8 7 8 11 8 9 6
      Humanities and arts, other 20 19 15 16 12 22 22 18 20 17
    Other non-science and engineering 18 17 23 13 18 12 14 13 12 14
      Communication 2 . . . . . . . . .
      Public administration and social services . . . . . . . 1 . .
      Non-science and engineering, other 16 17 23 13 18 12 14 12 12 14

NOTE:
  • . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.

SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates

Full-time graduate students in science, engineering, and health, by selected characteristics: 2023–14
All races 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014
    Male 1,934 2,038 2,042 2,040 2,096 2,057 2,145 2,543 2,574 i 2,550 i
    Female 2,217 2,209 2,167 2,048 1,979 1,977 1,895 2,223 2,137 i 2,109 i
  U.S. citizens and permanent residents 2,476 2,607 2,646 2,607 2,615 2,604 2,632 3,057 3,018 i 2,918 i
    Hispanic or Latino 343 344 314 273 242 237 221 261 235 i 216 i
    Not Hispanic or Latino 2,081 2,215 2,274 2,265 2,303 2,305 2,354 2,685 2,614 i 2,539 i
      American Indian or Alaska Native 3 4 6 6 11 9 7 10 9 i 13 i
      Asian 500 540 514 497 499 480 495 542 544 i 526 i
      Black or African American 193 189 183 162 142 136 128 153 147 i 133 i
      Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 2 3 2 2 2 1 0 4 5 i 3 i
      White 1,217 1,309 1,406 1,431 1,483 1,529 1,588 1,848 1,778 i 1,763 i
      More than one race 166 170 163 167 166 150 136 128 131 i 101 i
    Unknown ethnicity and race 52 48 58 69 70 62 57 111 169 i 163 i
  Temporary visa holders 1,675 1,640 1,563 1,481 1,460 1,430 1,408 1,709 1,693 i 1,741 i
  Science and engineering 3,646 3,700 3,647 3,606 3,565 3,464 3,348 4,422 4,278 i 4,248 i
    Science 3,133 3,137 3,161 3,154 3,090 3,106 3,016 4,227 4,098 i 4,065 i
      Agricultural and veterinary sciences 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Biological and biomedical sciences 1,573 1,529 1,517 1,482 1,450 1,465 1,380 1,247 1,352 i 1,241 i
        Neurobiology and neuroscience 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 105 111 i 116 i
      Communication 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Computer and information sciences 185 192 164 151 146 140 113 124 122 i 113 i
      Family and consumer sciences and human sciences 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 57 54 i 56 i
      Mathematics and statistics 146 142 120 128 118 125 149 145 155 i 148 i
      Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary sciences 1 0 2 3 6 15 27 0 0 i 0 i
      Natural resources and conservation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Physical sciences 506 507 509 519 494 488 492 558 576 i 582 i
      Psychology 118 110 112 123 122 121 83 83 76 i 75 i
      Social sciences 604 657 737 748 754 752 772 1,908 1,652 i 1,734 i
    Engineering 513 563 486 452 475 358 332 195 180 i 183 i
      Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Biological, biomedical, and biosystems engineering 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Chemical, petroleum, and chemical-related engineering 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Civil, environmental, transportation and related engineering fields 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering 56 60 43 39 35 34 53 0 0 i 0 i
      Industrial, manufacturing, systems engineering and operations research 12 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Mechanical engineering 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Metallurgical, mining, materials and related engineering fields 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Other engineering 441 487 443 413 440 324 279 195 180 i 183 i
    Health 505 547 562 482 510 570 692 344 433 i 411 i
      Clinical medicine 440 484 501 428 465 545 692 344 433 i 411 i
      Other health 65 63 61 54 45 25 0 0 0 i 0 i

i=imputed

NOTE:
  • . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
  • Fields of study are grouped as they appear in survey data table (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2).

SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering

Part-time graduate students in science, engineering, and health, by selected characteristics: 2023–14
All races 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014
    Male 128 149 125 137 132 138 104 201 158 i 123 i
    Female 213 211 170 180 145 153 143 185 142 i 136 i
  U.S. citizens and permanent residents 211 217 168 187 165 177 173 254 236 i 226 i
    Hispanic or Latino 14 22 14 15 9 11 14 21 19 i 20 i
    Not Hispanic or Latino 194 190 150 167 153 161 157 227 214 i 203 i
      American Indian or Alaska Native 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 i 1 i
      Asian 64 59 43 46 41 45 38 63 74 i 67 i
      Black or African American 15 15 15 8 8 11 8 8 3 i 10 i
      Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      White 106 110 87 110 101 101 103 143 129 i 120 i
      More than one race 9 6 5 3 3 4 8 12 7 i 5 i
    Unknown ethnicity and race 3 5 4 5 3 5 2 6 3 i 3 i
  Temporary visa holders 130 143 127 130 112 114 74 132 64 i 33 i
  Science and engineering 128 149 133 146 154 53 44 228 160 i 130 i
    Science 122 139 130 135 146 29 25 226 160 i 127 i
      Agricultural and veterinary sciences 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Biological and biomedical sciences 117 134 125 127 141 17 20 124 76 i 26 i
        Neurobiology and neuroscience 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Communication 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Computer and information sciences 2 2 3 6 2 1 0 17 11 i 2 i
      Family and consumer sciences and human sciences 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Mathematics and statistics 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 7 4 i 14 i
      Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary sciences 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 i 0 i
      Natural resources and conservation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Physical sciences 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Psychology 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Social sciences 3 3 2 2 3 4 1 78 69 i 85 i
    Engineering 6 10 3 11 8 24 19 2 0 i 3 i
      Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Biological, biomedical, and biosystems engineering 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Chemical, petroleum, and chemical-related engineering 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Civil, environmental, transportation and related engineering fields 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering 6 6 2 3 5 22 18 0 0 i 0 i
      Industrial, manufacturing, systems engineering and operations research 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Mechanical engineering 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Metallurgical, mining, materials and related engineering fields 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Other engineering 0 4 1 8 3 2 1 2 0 i 3 i
    Health 213 211 162 171 123 238 203 158 140 i 129 i
      Clinical medicine 213 211 162 171 123 238 203 158 140 i 129 i
      Other health 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i

i=imputed

NOTE:
  • . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
  • Fields of study are grouped as they appear in survey data table (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2).

SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering

Full-time graduate students in science, engineering, and health receiving primary support from federal sources, by field: 2023–14
Field 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
All surveyed fields 1,252 1,347 1,292 1,280 1,219 1,271 1,253 1,276 1,149 i 1,226 i 0 i
  Science and engineering 1,205 1,295 1,238 1,228 1,164 1,239 1,224 1,254 1,137 i 1,205 i 0 i
    Science 1,084 1,151 1,086 1,089 1,035 1,121 1,110 1,198 1,098 i 1,135 i 0 i
      Agricultural and veterinary sciences 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i 0 i
      Biological and biomedical sciences 765 809 773 759 720 757 730 649 613 i 622 i 0 i
        Neurobiology and neuroscience 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 82 89 i 93 i 0 i
      Communication 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i 0 i
      Computer and information sciences 51 50 48 50 49 37 41 22 22 i 26 i 0 i
      Family and consumer sciences and human sciences 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i 0 i
      Geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 25 i 31 i 0 i
      Mathematics and statistics 40 47 23 19 23 28 37 39 30 i 21 i 0 i
      Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary sciences 0 0 0 1 1 3 2 0 0 i 0 i 0 i
      Natural resources and conservation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i 0 i
      Physical sciences 185 197 195 199 173 220 228 253 216 i 219 i 0 i
      Psychology 13 14 11 16 18 19 11 16 10 i 6 i 0 i
      Social sciences 30 34 36 45 51 57 61 108 93 i 117 i 0 i
    Engineering 121 144 152 139 129 118 114 56 39 i 70 i 0 i
      Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i 0 i
      Biological, biomedical, and biosystems engineering 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i 0 i
      Chemical, petroleum, and chemical-related engineering 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i 0 i
      Civil, environmental, transportation and related engineering fields 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i 0 i
      Electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i 0 i
      Industrial, manufacturing, systems engineering and operations research 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i 0 i
      Mechanical engineering 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i 0 i
      Metallurgical, mining, materials and related engineering fields 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i 0 i
      Other engineering 121 141 152 139 129 118 114 56 39 i 70 i 0 i
    Health 47 52 54 52 55 32 29 22 12 i 21 i 0 i
      Clinical medicine 1 1 1 5 17 9 29 22 12 i 21 i 0 i
      Other health 46 51 53 47 38 23 0 0 0 i 0 i 0 i

i=imputed

NOTE:
  • . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
  • Fields of study are grouped as they appear in survey data table (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2).

SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering

Full-time graduate students in science, engineering, and health, by type and primary source of support: 2023–14
2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014
All types and sources of support 4,151 4,247 4,209 4,088 4,075 4,034 4,040 4,766 4,711 i 4,659 i
  Fellowships 1,763 1,696 1,681 1,684 1,761 1,595 1,705 2,075 1,850 i 1,924 i
    Federal 550 596 569 598 590 592 631 563 537 i 586 i
    Institutional 1,145 1,043 1,041 1,013 1,083 914 949 1,353 1,142 i 1,127 i
    Nonfederal 68 57 71 73 88 89 125 159 171 i 211 i
  Research assistantships 1,179 1,172 1,157 1,165 1,113 1,225 1,034 973 892 i 871 i
    Federal 702 745 718 680 620 669 607 646 573 i 579 i
    Institutional 307 285 364 375 376 459 332 212 185 i 173 i
    Nonfederal 170 142 75 110 117 97 95 115 134 i 119 i
  Teaching assistantships 266 331 357 377 315 266 303 290 306 i 282 i
    Federal 0 1 0 0 0 0 14 0 3 i 0 i
    Institutional 266 330 357 377 313 263 285 282 298 i 281 i
    Nonfederal 0 0 0 0 2 3 4 8 5 i 1 i
  Other types of support 943 1,048 1,014 862 886 948 998 1,428 1,663 i 1,582 i
    Federal 0 5 5 2 9 10 1 67 36 i 61 i
    Institutional 81 113 79 91 66 110 90 212 238 i 239 i
    Nonfederal 71 62 3 8 63 82 26 68 65 i 69 i
    Personal resources 791 868 927 761 748 746 881 1,081 1,324 i 1,213 i

i=imputed

NOTE:
  • . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.

SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering

Postdoctorates in science, engineering, and health, by selected characteristics: 2023–14
All races 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014
  Science and engineering 2,701 2,220 2,732 2,650 2,771 2,590 2,519 2,514 2,292 i 2,274 i
    Science 2,424 2,023 2,496 2,421 2,519 2,360 2,293 2,413 2,211 i 2,195 i
      Agricultural and veterinary sciences 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 i 3 i
      Biological and biomedical sciences 1,715 1,518 2,076 2,020 2,078 1,944 1,969 1,783 1,597 i 1,597 i
        Neurobiology and neuroscience 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 104 74 i 69 i
      Communication 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Computer and information sciences 49 34 43 27 39 32 29 25 21 i 20 i
      Family and consumer sciences and human sciences 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 21 i 27 i
      Mathematics and statistics 98 51 26 32 45 33 26 43 71 i 69 i
      Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary sciences 30 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Natural resources and conservation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Physical sciences 331 250 225 231 247 242 225 320 329 i 327 i
      Psychology 112 84 59 47 42 63 0 60 46 i 37 i
      Social sciences 89 86 67 61 68 46 44 57 47 i 46 i
    Engineering 277 197 236 229 252 230 226 101 81 i 79 i
      Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering 0 0 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Biological, biomedical, and biosystems engineering 119 85 94 110 115 61 57 2 2 i 2 i
      Chemical, petroleum, and chemical-related engineering 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Civil, environmental, transportation and related engineering fields 0 0 0 24 26 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering 0 0 0 6 11 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Industrial, manufacturing, systems engineering and operations research 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Mechanical engineering 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Metallurgical, mining, materials and related engineering fields 0 0 0 52 53 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Other engineering 158 112 105 37 47 169 169 99 79 i 77 i
    Health 4,493 3,855 4,035 3,568 3,681 3,434 3,504 3,359 3,382 i 3,487 i
      Clinical medicine 4,425 3,814 3,995 3,518 3,606 3,355 3,383 3,253 3,295 i 3,389 i
      Other health 68 41 40 50 75 79 121 106 87 i 98 i

i=imputed

NOTE:
  • . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
  • Fields of study are grouped as they appear in survey data table (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2).

SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering

Federally supported science, engineering, and health postdoctorates, by field: 2023–14
Field 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014
All surveyed fields 2,072 2,276 2,406 2,505 2,541 2,449 2,261 2,385 2,307 i 2,641 i
  Science and engineering 889 939 1,007 1,084 1,113 1,045 947 984 956 i 1,026 i
    Science 808 850 896 995 1,023 972 870 924 923 i 990 i
      Agricultural and veterinary sciences 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 i 2 i
      Biological and biomedical sciences 625 689 720 828 871 819 740 684 696 i 760 i
        Neurobiology and neuroscience 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 42 i 40 i
      Communication 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Computer and information sciences 11 13 17 10 11 14 16 10 5 i 5 i
      Family and consumer sciences and human sciences 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 i 10 i
      Mathematics and statistics 18 10 16 17 27 19 11 7 13 i 12 i
      Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary sciences 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Natural resources and conservation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Physical sciences 101 93 102 100 95 97 93 149 142 i 141 i
      Psychology 38 36 32 33 13 19 0 14 9 i 15 i
      Social sciences 9 9 9 6 6 4 10 11 7 i 5 i
    Engineering 81 89 111 89 90 73 77 60 33 i 36 i
      Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Biological, biomedical, and biosystems engineering 21 29 42 45 43 25 24 0 0 i 0 i
      Chemical, petroleum, and chemical-related engineering 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Civil, environmental, transportation and related engineering fields 0 0 0 9 11 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Industrial, manufacturing, systems engineering and operations research 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Mechanical engineering 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Metallurgical, mining, materials and related engineering fields 0 0 0 23 20 0 0 0 0 i 0 i
      Other engineering 60 60 53 10 12 48 53 60 33 i 36 i
    Health 1,183 1,337 1,399 1,421 1,428 1,404 1,314 1,401 1,351 i 1,615 i
      Clinical medicine 1,159 1,317 1,367 1,386 1,382 1,352 1,264 1,364 1,309 i 1,558 i
      Other health 24 20 32 35 46 52 50 37 42 i 57 i

i=imputed

NOTE:
  • . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
  • Fields of study are grouped as they appear in survey data table (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2).

SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering

Total R&D expenditures, by field: 2023–14
(Dollars in thousands)
Field 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014
  All R&D fields 1,435,218 1,308,458 1,254,008 1,239,983 1,239,736 1,173,371 1,123,160 1,077,253 1,013,753 933,975
    Science 1,197,209 1,100,381 1,052,143 1,018,460 i 1,033,507 i 969,826 i 927,359 i 941,819 881,460 819,088
      Computer and information sciences 28,969 21,712 20,858 15,250 15,229 15,431 13,534 11,229 5,603 1,787
      Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences 30,302 38,984 38,756 43,505 43,664 42,697 37,409 37,326 31,544 34,293
        Atmospheric science and meteorology 7,192 7,508 6,193 5,791 4,506 2,368 772 302 263 434
        Geological and earth sciences 10,324 9,216 8,834 10,816 10,105 11,815 10,390 9,438 9,805 10,139
        Ocean sciences and marine sciences 367 451 820 25 21 18 13 33 36 15
        Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences nec 12,419 21,809 22,909 26,873 29,032 28,496 26,234 27,553 21,440 23,705
      Life sciences 793,236 741,297 714,069 684,127 i 704,460 i 656,790 i 633,462 i 599,596 533,231 527,625
        Agricultural sciences 0 0 26 47 0 0 0 0 18 0
        Biological and biomedical sciences 647,908 561,958 539,289 534,656 536,371 486,362 479,595 421,924 374,276 361,784
        Health sciences 140,426 131,479 133,571 122,619 137,745 136,254 121,625 145,780 139,473 151,194
        Natural resources and conservation 4,068 7,218 8,023 2,981 i 3,435 i 4,370 i 3,066 i 0 0 0
        Life sciences nec 834 40,642 33,160 23,824 i 26,909 i 29,804 i 29,176 i 31,892 19,464 14,647
      Mathematics and statistics 19,878 22,230 19,503 20,038 22,127 22,908 20,679 11,866 10,558 10,784
      Physical sciences 134,733 118,530 109,606 100,654 94,515 84,054 84,679 82,643 72,929 67,753
        Astronomy and astrophysics 14,369 12,087 11,658 16,435 14,467 15,000 14,273 12,401 11,337 9,786
        Chemistry 34,728 37,601 37,078 33,675 34,683 29,444 31,204 30,835 32,068 31,025
        Materials science 3,996 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
        Physics 70,188 66,873 59,910 49,146 43,696 36,953 36,614 36,276 28,073 25,304
        Physical sciences nec 11,452 1,917 960 1,398 1,669 2,657 2,588 3,131 1,451 1,638
      Psychology 8,218 6,355 4,200 5,099 6,829 8,362 8,711 7,588 6,772 7,084
      Social sciences 169,192 144,801 136,543 142,484 141,321 134,493 124,966 100,223 97,165 64,713
        Anthropology 5,387 2,537 1,692 2,117 1,524 2,033 1,742 1,695 0 0
        Economics 33,270 32,074 30,422 33,563 29,355 23,248 16,177 13,063 8,400 8,675
        Political science and government 44,567 36,713 37,058 41,849 46,607 44,867 44,683 41,064 51,126 19,279
        Sociology, demography, and population studies 31,872 6,062 5,495 2,059 2,297 2,490 3,520 3,093 1,366 1,908
        Social sciences nec 54,096 67,415 61,876 62,896 61,538 61,855 58,844 41,308 36,273 34,851
      Sciences nec 12,681 6,472 8,608 7,303 5,362 5,091 3,919 91,348 123,658 105,049
    Engineering 99,830 96,920 92,782 97,884 95,651 96,786 105,231 70,131 73,786 i 56,876
      Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering 18,072 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,192 i 0
      Bioengineering and biomedical engineering 47,731 62,685 60,912 60,486 65,491 57,016 60,437 30,546 28,896 8,747
      Chemical engineering 1,410 1,513 1,398 382 335 472 488 620 2,381 3,941
      Civil engineering 7,420 4,317 3,339 3,646 4,660 6,195 10,159 6,527 7,201 8,146
      Electrical, electronic, and communications engineering 5,245 5,323 5,783 11,132 11,751 10,619 11,892 9,830 7,620 6,922
      Industrial and manufacturing engineering 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
      Mechanical engineering 538 292 614 815 567 2,914 2,584 3,214 3,300 4,715
      Metallurgical and materials engineering 17,947 20,335 19,474 19,888 11,652 14,225 13,521 12,102 14,683 19,893
      Engineering nec 1,467 2,455 1,262 1,535 1,195 5,345 6,150 7,292 7,513 i 4,512
    Non-S&E 138,179 111,157 109,083 123,639 110,578 106,759 90,570 65,303 58,507 58,011
      Business management and business administration 36,108 32,502 32,862 36,568 17,433 16,350 14,202 13,467 8,385 6,319
      Communication and communications technologies 3,687 3,057 2,769 3,004 1,491 2,707 242 211 789 3,978
      Education 47,420 40,789 43,542 50,226 60,198 60,295 52,090 36,278 34,773 35,432
      Humanities 22,073 12,226 9,961 10,009 8,916 8,025 7,071 5,103 4,872 5,591
      Law 24,364 20,298 18,388 21,871 20,707 17,291 15,109 8,950 8,414 5,916
      Social work 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
      Visual and performing arts 4,527 2,285 1,561 1,961 1,833 1,773 1,651 1,294 1,274 775
      Non-S&E nec 0 0 0 0 0 318 205 0 0 0

i=imputed

NOTE:
  • . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
  • Prior to FY 2016, expenditures for natural resources and conservation, materials science, anthropology, and industrial and manufacturing engineering were not collected separately. R&D expenditures in agricultural sciences decreased in FY 2016 because a number of disciplines previously reported in that field are now reported separately under natural resources and conservation.

SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Higher Education R&D Survey

Total R&D expenditures, by source of funds and R&D field: 2023
(Dollars in thousands)
Field All R&D expenditures Federal government State and local government Institution funds Business Nonprofit organizations All other sources
  All R&D fields 1,435,218 639,953 4,250 488,906 71,497 202,605 28,007
    Science 1,197,209 586,997 3,540 359,686 65,006 158,300 23,680
      Computer and information sciences 28,969 11,410 44 15,354 1,085 1,076 0
      Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences 30,302 19,045 122 6,382 2,175 2,173 405
        Atmospheric science and meteorology 7,192 4,259 0 791 302 1,539 301
        Geological and earth sciences 10,324 3,879 0 4,190 1,657 494 104
        Ocean sciences and marine sciences 367 313 0 49 0 5 0
        Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences nec 12,419 10,594 122 1,352 216 135 0
      Life sciences 793,236 425,411 1,267 209,445 44,253 99,983 12,877
        Agricultural sciences 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
        Biological and biomedical sciences 647,908 346,008 756 173,213 37,662 79,948 10,321
        Health sciences 140,426 77,144 511 34,916 6,217 19,082 2,556
        Natural resources and conservation 4,068 2,259 0 482 374 953 0
        Life sciences nec 834 0 0 834 0 0 0
      Mathematics and statistics 19,878 16,858 0 2,113 28 869 10
      Physical sciences 134,733 65,331 0 39,847 15,972 13,111 472
        Astronomy and astrophysics 14,369 5,981 0 3,967 0 4,421 0
        Chemistry 34,728 19,797 0 9,671 1,412 3,550 298
        Materials science 3,996 3,711 0 285 0 0 0
        Physics 70,188 34,387 0 23,228 7,259 5,140 174
        Physical sciences nec 11,452 1,455 0 2,696 7,301 0 0
      Psychology 8,218 3,140 0 4,262 0 740 76
      Social sciences 169,192 45,358 2,107 70,409 1,396 40,082 9,840
        Anthropology 5,387 30 0 4,872 4 300 181
        Economics 33,270 3,630 0 13,545 135 9,254 6,706
        Political science and government 44,567 1,565 1,911 27,098 1,147 12,296 550
        Sociology, demography, and population studies 31,872 17,686 0 10,291 0 3,301 594
        Social sciences nec 54,096 22,447 196 14,603 110 14,931 1,809
      Sciences nec 12,681 444 0 11,874 97 266 0
    Engineering 99,830 42,222 645 38,890 5,376 10,961 1,736
      Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering 18,072 0 13 4,817 2,941 8,839 1,462
      Bioengineering and biomedical engineering 47,731 24,834 0 22,885 0 0 12
      Chemical engineering 1,410 1,410 0 0 0 0 0
      Civil engineering 7,420 1,511 0 4,141 120 1,528 120
      Electrical, electronic, and communications engineering 5,245 2,796 0 1,855 209 302 83
      Industrial and manufacturing engineering 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
      Mechanical engineering 538 538 0 0 0 0 0
      Metallurgical and materials engineering 17,947 11,133 632 3,839 1,992 292 59
      Engineering nec 1,467 0 0 1,353 114 0 0
    Non-S&E 138,179 10,734 65 90,330 1,115 33,344 2,591
      Business management and business administration 36,108 0 0 36,108 0 0 0
      Communication and communications technologies 3,687 0 0 986 0 2,701 0
      Education 47,420 8,183 0 16,048 894 21,184 1,111
      Humanities 22,073 2,284 0 13,966 87 4,531 1,205
      Law 24,364 267 65 18,846 134 4,777 275
      Social work 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
      Visual and performing arts 4,527 0 0 4,376 0 151 0
      Non-S&E nec 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

NOTE:
  • . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
  • Prior to FY 2016, expenditures for natural resources and conservation, materials science, anthropology, and industrial and manufacturing engineering were not collected separately. R&D expenditures in agricultural sciences decreased in FY 2016 because a number of disciplines previously reported in that field are now reported separately under natural resources and conservation.

SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Higher Education R&D Survey

Federally funded R&D expenditures, by federal agency: 2023–14
(Dollars in thousands)
Source of funds 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014
Federal Agencies 639,953 628,683 616,589 605,603 618,405 587,584 573,157 558,611 545,202 572,918
  DOD 49,624 57,929 72,042 63,252 i 57,390 i 64,559 i 76,389 i 53,126 48,037 i 55,764
  DOE 20,120 20,978 16,476 16,016 i 14,594 i 13,518 i 15,985 17,971 19,398 i 18,069
  HHS 490,149 472,585 456,919 452,679 i 475,795 i 434,270 i 407,130 i 409,336 398,983 i 419,477
  NASA 7,992 9,545 8,549 9,824 i 8,446 i 9,605 i 9,557 8,987 11,047 i 11,602
  NSF 54,965 49,923 47,086 48,684 i 46,321 i 50,806 i 51,608 i 54,074 51,204 i 48,853
  USDA 385 387 175 196 i 170 i 197 i 232 i 246 225 223
  Other 16,718 17,336 15,342 14,952 i 15,689 i 14,629 i 12,256 i 14,871 16,308 i 18,930

i=imputed

NOTE:
  • . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.

SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Higher Education R&D Survey

Headcount of R&D personnel: 2023–17 [temporarily discontinued]
Year
2023 . . . .
2022 . . . .
2021 . . . .
2020 . . . .
2019 7,579 1,090 6,489 .
2018 7,575 1,124 6,451 .
2017 7,496 1,136 6,360 .

NOTE:
  • . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.

SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Higher Education R&D Survey

Science and engineering research space in academic institutions, by field: 2023–14
(Net assignable square feet in thousands)
Field, medical school space, and research animal space 2023 2021 2019 2017 2015
  All research space 2,548 2,520 2,416 2,410 2,420
    Agricultural sciences 32 32 32 35 35
    Biological and biomedical sciences 1,171 1,165 1,173 1,182 1,170
    Computer and information sciences 40 37 25 24 24
    Engineering 209 203 127 122 145
    Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences 145 136 98 102 86
    Health sciences 66 71 65 65 77
    Mathematics and statistics 69 69 66 64 65
    Natural resources and conservation 0 0 0 0 3
    Physical sciences 400 393 399 395 449
    Psychology 61 58 60 60 60
    Social sciences 306 297 296 286 280
    Other 51 60 76 76 26

NOTE:
  • . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
  • Data from the Survey of Science and Engineering Research Facilities is collected every two years.

SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Science and Engineering Research Facilities

New construction of science and engineering research space, by field and time of construction: 2025–16
(Net assignable square feet in thousands)
Field, medical school space, and research animal space Planned to start in FY 2024 or FY 2025 Started in FY 2022 or FY 2023 Started in FY 2020 or FY 2021 Started in FY 2018 or FY 2019 Started in FY 2016 or FY 2017
  All research space 72,650 . . . 206,391
    Biological and biomedical sciences 23,050 . . . 0
    Computer and information sciences 0 . . . 18,930
    Engineering 0 . . . 187,461
    Social sciences 49,600 . . . 0

NOTE:
  • . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
  • Data from the Survey of Science and Engineering Research Facilities is collected every two years.

SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Science and Engineering Research Facilities

Costs for repair and renovation of science and engineering research space in academic institutions, by field and time of repair and renovation: 2025–16
(Dollars in thousands)
Field, medical school space, and research animal space Planned to start in FY 2024 or FY 2025 Started in FY 2022 or FY 2023 Started in FY 2020 or FY 2021 Started in FY 2018 or FY 2019 Started in FY 2016 or FY 2017
  All research space 442,006 230,402 79,420 230,398 134,075
    Agricultural sciences 0 0 0 958 0
    Biological and biomedical sciences 293,248 63,684 49,924 174,243 113,963
    Computer and information sciences 0 396 0 0 281
    Engineering 44,314 16,853 5,873 3,723 2,184
    Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences 5,412 3,603 0 4,830 2,680
    Health sciences 0 5,082 4,090 4,619 2,568
    Mathematics and statistics 1,755 2,340 0 4,705 1,451
    Natural resources and conservation 0 0 0 0 0
    Physical sciences 84,833 132,184 16,641 20,162 10,948
    Psychology 8,579 2,640 2,535 949 0
    Social sciences 3,864 3,620 357 16,209 0
    Other 0 0 0 0 0

NOTE:
  • . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
  • Data from the Survey of Science and Engineering Research Facilities is collected every two years.

SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Science and Engineering Research Facilities

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