San Jose State U.

Rankings
Data year | Earned doctorates | Full-time graduate students | Total R&D expenditures | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Percentile | Institutions ranked | Rank | Percentile | Institutions ranked | Rank | Percentile | Institutions ranked | Rank | Percentile | Institutions ranked | |
2023 | 114 | 83.5 | 679 | 213 | 65.1 | 602 | 185 | 80 | 914 | |||
2022 | 91 | 86.9 | 680 | 183 | 80 | 900 | ||||||
2021 | 90 | 87.2 | 691 | 247 | 58.2 | 583 | 189 | 79.5 | 908 | |||
2020 | 91 | 87.2 | 698 | 204 | 78 | 916 | ||||||
2019 | 84 | 88.2 | 697 | 246 | 58.8 | 589 | 210 | 77.3 | 914 | |||
2018 | 71 | 90.1 | 700 | 208 | 77.5 | 911 | ||||||
2017 | 64 | 90.9 | 684 | 263 | 54.8 | 575 | 214 | 76.5 | 898 | |||
2016 | 61 | 91.5 | 697 | 208 | 77.1 | 896 | ||||||
2015 | 59 | 91.7 | 693 | 183 | 68.3 | 570 | 202 | 77.8 | 898 | |||
2014 | 54 | 92.4 | 688 | 205 | 77.3 | 889 |
NOTES:
- 1. See TableBuilder for the prior year data.
- 2. Blank white cells indicate data not available, not applicable, or institution not eligible for survey.
- 3. Data from the Survey of Science and Engineering Research Facilities is collected every two years.
Data

All races | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 868 | 1,022 | 918 | 735 | 951 | 1,121 | 1,231 | 1,298 | 1,365 | 1,401 | ||||||||||
Female | 624 | 730 | 734 | 731 | 852 | 888 | 894 | 965 | 1,019 | 1,036 | ||||||||||
U.S. citizens and permanent residents | 649 | 598 | 787 | 730 | 626 | 693 | 679 | 697 | 670 | 723 | ||||||||||
Hispanic or Latino | 146 | 129 | 143 | 134 | 113 | 116 | 129 | 124 | 138 | 141 | ||||||||||
Not Hispanic or Latino | 476 | 405 | 606 | 551 | 484 | 538 | 501 | 518 | 476 | 536 | ||||||||||
American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | ||||||||||
Asian | 284 | 244 | 341 | 307 | 261 | 275 | 242 | 220 | 183 | 215 | ||||||||||
Black or African American | 12 | 10 | 16 | 14 | 24 | 24 | 19 | 22 | 12 | 20 | ||||||||||
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | ||||||||||
White | 144 | 151 | 212 | 188 | 161 | 199 | 205 | 239 | 241 | 258 | ||||||||||
More than one race | 36 | 0 | 35 | 42 | 37 | 38 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 37 | ||||||||||
Unknown ethnicity and race | 27 | 64 | 38 | 45 | 29 | 39 | 49 | 55 | 56 | 46 | ||||||||||
Temporary visa holders | 843 | 1,154 | 865 | 736 | 1,177 | 1,316 | 1,446 | 1,566 | 1,714 | 1,714 | ||||||||||
Science and engineering | 1,363 | 1,637 | 1,534 | 1,352 | 1,692 | 1,883 | 1,996 | 2,139 | 2,262 | 2,314 | ||||||||||
Science | 638 | 638 | 556 | 439 | 423 | 472 | 455 | 476 | 1,162 | 1,310 | ||||||||||
Agricultural and veterinary sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 17 | 14 | ||||||||||
Biological and biomedical sciences | 79 | 45 | 64 | 67 | 59 | 58 | 45 | 37 | 51 | 43 | ||||||||||
Communication | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 31 | 32 | ||||||||||
Computer and information sciences | 277 | 294 | 171 | 81 | 95 | 134 | 133 | 105 | 811 | 892 | ||||||||||
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 5 | ||||||||||
Geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences | 20 | 18 | 27 | 24 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 13 | 18 | 14 | ||||||||||
Mathematics and statistics | 19 | 28 | 38 | 45 | 54 | 48 | 58 | 56 | 9 | 12 | ||||||||||
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary sciences | 78 | 84 | 75 | 56 | 50 | 51 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Natural resources and conservation | 19 | 14 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 12 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Physical sciences | 13 | 13 | 8 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 4 | 10 | 16 | 12 | ||||||||||
Psychology | 81 | 70 | 64 | 54 | 51 | 56 | 53 | 61 | 27 | 34 | ||||||||||
Social sciences | 52 | 72 | 89 | 78 | 71 | 89 | 89 | 145 | 174 | 252 | ||||||||||
Engineering | 725 | 999 | 978 | 913 | 1,269 | 1,411 | 1,541 | 1,663 | 1,100 | 1,004 | ||||||||||
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | 28 | 35 | 30 | 33 | 21 | 38 | 39 | 48 | 32 | 36 | ||||||||||
Biological, biomedical, and biosystems engineering | 37 | 25 | 36 | 43 | 43 | 55 | 51 | 34 | 45 | 45 | ||||||||||
Chemical, petroleum, and chemical-related engineering | 19 | 12 | 19 | 30 | 18 | 15 | 24 | 22 | 24 | 21 | ||||||||||
Civil, environmental, transportation and related engineering fields | 45 | 41 | 58 | 65 | 55 | 61 | 67 | 55 | 63 | 73 | ||||||||||
Electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering | 499 | 769 | 734 | 626 | 985 | 1,087 | 1,198 | 1,347 | 789 | 719 | ||||||||||
Industrial, manufacturing, systems engineering and operations research | 25 | 42 | 39 | 42 | 66 | 72 | 82 | 71 | 69 | 56 | ||||||||||
Mechanical engineering | 35 | 40 | 45 | 47 | 55 | 62 | 61 | 57 | 37 | 31 | ||||||||||
Metallurgical, mining, materials and related engineering fields | 5 | 11 | 11 | 16 | 5 | 8 | 16 | 20 | 22 | 10 | ||||||||||
Other engineering | 32 | 24 | 6 | 11 | 21 | 13 | 3 | 9 | 19 | 13 | ||||||||||
Health | 129 | 115 | 118 | 114 | 111 | 126 | 129 | 124 | 122 | 123 | ||||||||||
Clinical medicine | 19 | 9 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 25 | 27 | 28 | 24 | 22 | ||||||||||
Other health | 110 | 106 | 98 | 94 | 92 | 101 | 102 | 96 | 98 | 101 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Fields of study are grouped as they appear in survey data table (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2).
All races | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 557 | 606 | 623 | 645 | 626 | 633 | 578 | 613 | 714 | 616 | ||||||||||
Female | 347 | 415 | 409 | 419 | 384 | 369 | 367 | 477 | 511 | 482 | ||||||||||
U.S. citizens and permanent residents | 688 | 808 | 891 | 767 | 743 | 700 | 642 | 748 | 799 | 868 | ||||||||||
Hispanic or Latino | 141 | 176 | 200 | 155 | 148 | 122 | 112 | 153 | 137 | 151 | ||||||||||
Not Hispanic or Latino | 499 | 553 | 635 | 564 | 539 | 516 | 467 | 530 | 589 | 638 | ||||||||||
American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | ||||||||||
Asian | 320 | 362 | 396 | 327 | 307 | 280 | 242 | 228 | 250 | 281 | ||||||||||
Black or African American | 22 | 18 | 19 | 16 | 10 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 26 | 27 | ||||||||||
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 12 | ||||||||||
White | 132 | 170 | 182 | 186 | 194 | 187 | 168 | 247 | 270 | 290 | ||||||||||
More than one race | 23 | 0 | 38 | 35 | 26 | 26 | 34 | 32 | 38 | 28 | ||||||||||
Unknown ethnicity and race | 48 | 79 | 56 | 48 | 56 | 62 | 63 | 65 | 73 | 79 | ||||||||||
Temporary visa holders | 216 | 213 | 141 | 297 | 267 | 302 | 303 | 342 | 426 | 230 | ||||||||||
Science and engineering | 878 | 988 | 1,001 | 1,035 | 985 | 981 | 917 | 1,063 | 1,197 | 1,061 | ||||||||||
Science | 319 | 378 | 326 | 285 | 303 | 332 | 310 | 441 | 675 | 600 | ||||||||||
Agricultural and veterinary sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 11 | 18 | ||||||||||
Biological and biomedical sciences | 41 | 60 | 41 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 22 | 40 | 32 | 50 | ||||||||||
Communication | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 42 | 37 | ||||||||||
Computer and information sciences | 70 | 67 | 46 | 44 | 40 | 56 | 49 | 48 | 286 | 177 | ||||||||||
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 9 | 11 | ||||||||||
Geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences | 36 | 47 | 49 | 33 | 30 | 28 | 25 | 39 | 44 | 47 | ||||||||||
Mathematics and statistics | 24 | 27 | 29 | 27 | 35 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 12 | 14 | ||||||||||
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary sciences | 42 | 39 | 34 | 37 | 29 | 38 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Natural resources and conservation | 11 | 14 | 14 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Physical sciences | 28 | 30 | 31 | 33 | 30 | 34 | 44 | 38 | 36 | 37 | ||||||||||
Psychology | 19 | 29 | 25 | 21 | 17 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 17 | ||||||||||
Social sciences | 48 | 65 | 57 | 48 | 75 | 77 | 73 | 165 | 192 | 192 | ||||||||||
Engineering | 559 | 610 | 675 | 750 | 682 | 649 | 607 | 622 | 522 | 461 | ||||||||||
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | 32 | 31 | 46 | 48 | 38 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 28 | 20 | ||||||||||
Biological, biomedical, and biosystems engineering | 33 | 38 | 41 | 40 | 48 | 46 | 34 | 20 | 25 | 26 | ||||||||||
Chemical, petroleum, and chemical-related engineering | 28 | 32 | 24 | 25 | 28 | 24 | 22 | 33 | 38 | 37 | ||||||||||
Civil, environmental, transportation and related engineering fields | 38 | 42 | 48 | 46 | 55 | 43 | 54 | 67 | 65 | 80 | ||||||||||
Electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering | 290 | 308 | 327 | 411 | 345 | 365 | 359 | 346 | 217 | 142 | ||||||||||
Industrial, manufacturing, systems engineering and operations research | 21 | 29 | 22 | 20 | 26 | 27 | 18 | 39 | 31 | 29 | ||||||||||
Mechanical engineering | 84 | 105 | 135 | 133 | 107 | 83 | 65 | 67 | 84 | 79 | ||||||||||
Metallurgical, mining, materials and related engineering fields | 28 | 20 | 21 | 16 | 24 | 29 | 25 | 22 | 16 | 32 | ||||||||||
Other engineering | 5 | 5 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 18 | 16 | ||||||||||
Health | 26 | 33 | 31 | 29 | 25 | 21 | 28 | 27 | 28 | 37 | ||||||||||
Clinical medicine | 26 | 32 | 28 | 28 | 24 | 20 | 27 | 22 | 26 | 35 | ||||||||||
Other health | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 2 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Fields of study are grouped as they appear in survey data table (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2).
Field | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All surveyed fields | 28 | 5 | 19 | 15 | 23 | 49 | 27 | 14 | 18 | 14 | 0 | |||||||||||
Science and engineering | 27 | 4 | 19 | 15 | 23 | 47 | 27 | 14 | 18 | 14 | 0 | |||||||||||
Science | 19 | 4 | 13 | 8 | 8 | 21 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 11 | 0 | |||||||||||
Agricultural and veterinary sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Biological and biomedical sciences | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |||||||||||
Communication | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Computer and information sciences | 6 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences | 1 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Mathematics and statistics | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary sciences | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Natural resources and conservation | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Physical sciences | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | |||||||||||
Psychology | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 0 | |||||||||||
Social sciences | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Engineering | 8 | 0 | 6 | 7 | 15 | 26 | 18 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | |||||||||||
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Biological, biomedical, and biosystems engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | |||||||||||
Chemical, petroleum, and chemical-related engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Civil, environmental, transportation and related engineering fields | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering | 6 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 12 | 16 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Industrial, manufacturing, systems engineering and operations research | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Mechanical engineering | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Metallurgical, mining, materials and related engineering fields | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Other engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Health | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Clinical medicine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Other health | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Fields of study are grouped as they appear in survey data table (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2).
2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All types and sources of support | 1,492 | 1,752 | 1,652 | 1,466 | 1,803 | 2,009 | 2,125 | 2,263 | 2,384 | 2,437 | ||||||||||
Fellowships | 5 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | ||||||||||
Federal | 5 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | ||||||||||
Institutional | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Nonfederal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Research assistantships | 22 | 2 | 19 | 13 | 23 | 34 | 13 | 7 | 10 | 10 | ||||||||||
Federal | 21 | 2 | 19 | 13 | 21 | 34 | 13 | 4 | 5 | 4 | ||||||||||
Institutional | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 6 | ||||||||||
Nonfederal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Teaching assistantships | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 24 | 21 | ||||||||||
Federal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Institutional | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 24 | 21 | ||||||||||
Nonfederal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Other types of support | 1,465 | 1,734 | 1,632 | 1,449 | 1,775 | 1,968 | 2,112 | 2,236 | 2,347 | 2,404 | ||||||||||
Federal | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 14 | 9 | 10 | 8 | ||||||||||
Institutional | 156 | 179 | 187 | 155 | 109 | 103 | 151 | 7 | 8 | 7 | ||||||||||
Nonfederal | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Personal resources | 1,307 | 1,551 | 1,445 | 1,293 | 1,666 | 1,852 | 1,946 | 2,220 | 2,329 | 2,389 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
All races | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Science and engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Science | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Agricultural and veterinary sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Biological and biomedical sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Communication | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Computer and information sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Mathematics and statistics | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Natural resources and conservation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Physical sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Psychology | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Social sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Biological, biomedical, and biosystems engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Chemical, petroleum, and chemical-related engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Civil, environmental, transportation and related engineering fields | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Industrial, manufacturing, systems engineering and operations research | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Mechanical engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Metallurgical, mining, materials and related engineering fields | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Other engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Health | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Clinical medicine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Other health | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Fields of study are grouped as they appear in survey data table (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2).
Field | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All surveyed fields | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Science and engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Science | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Agricultural and veterinary sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Biological and biomedical sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Communication | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Computer and information sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Geosciences, atmospheric, and ocean sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Mathematics and statistics | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Natural resources and conservation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Physical sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Psychology | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Social sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Biological, biomedical, and biosystems engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Chemical, petroleum, and chemical-related engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Civil, environmental, transportation and related engineering fields | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Industrial, manufacturing, systems engineering and operations research | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Mechanical engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Metallurgical, mining, materials and related engineering fields | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Other engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Health | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Clinical medicine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Other health | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Fields of study are grouped as they appear in survey data table (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2).
Field | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All R&D fields | 83,406 | 71,695 | 60,100 | 47,301 | 44,309 | 41,366 | 39,192 | 41,662 | 45,037 | 43,509 | ||||||||||
Science | 51,661 | 48,219 | 44,867 | 37,611 | 37,954 | 36,801 | 35,518 | 37,386 | 38,840 | 35,041 | ||||||||||
Computer and information sciences | 570 | 151 | 297 | 10 | 8 | 33 | 169 | 159 | 144 | 27 | ||||||||||
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | 16,140 | 16,303 | 14,857 | 13,747 | 12,777 | 14,627 | 12,216 | 14,267 | 17,413 | 14,006 | ||||||||||
Atmospheric science and meteorology | 2,300 | 2,376 | 2,883 | 2,226 | 1,629 | 2,090 | 1,465 | 1,102 | 407 | 516 | ||||||||||
Geological and earth sciences | 769 | 584 | 269 | 159 | 181 | 102 | 74 | 165 | 459 | 416 | ||||||||||
Ocean sciences and marine sciences | 12,385 | 12,491 | 11,483 | 11,355 | 10,967 | 12,420 | 10,666 | 12,931 | 16,515 | 13,022 | ||||||||||
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences nec | 686 | 852 | 222 | 7 | 0 | 15 | 11 | 69 | 32 | 52 | ||||||||||
Life sciences | 6,431 | 5,838 | 3,655 | 1,542 | 1,133 | 1,073 | 1,310 | 1,169 | 1,508 | 1,668 | ||||||||||
Agricultural sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Biological and biomedical sciences | 2,474 | 3,253 | 2,431 | 1,542 | 1,130 | 1,014 | 1,036 | 1,045 | 1,487 | 1,552 | ||||||||||
Health sciences | 3,957 | 2,585 | 1,224 | 0 | 3 | 59 | 274 | 124 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Natural resources and conservation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Life sciences nec | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 116 | ||||||||||
Mathematics and statistics | 1,522 | 1,157 | 751 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 195 | 162 | ||||||||||
Physical sciences | 5,800 | 4,464 | 3,437 | 2,445 | 2,041 | 1,649 | 1,498 | 1,340 | 1,467 | 1,449 | ||||||||||
Astronomy and astrophysics | 0 | 0 | 7 | 24 | 39 | 18 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Chemistry | 1,992 | 2,077 | 2,097 | 1,787 | 1,541 | 1,234 | 766 | 643 | 708 | 707 | ||||||||||
Materials science | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Physics | 2,271 | 1,728 | 1,301 | 626 | 461 | 397 | 595 | 697 | 754 | 706 | ||||||||||
Physical sciences nec | 1,537 | 659 | 32 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 125 | 0 | 5 | 36 | ||||||||||
Psychology | 16,798 | 17,046 | 18,930 | 19,670 | 20,152 | 18,313 | 18,976 | 19,454 | 17,670 | 17,209 | ||||||||||
Social sciences | 4,400 | 3,260 | 2,940 | 190 | 247 | 351 | 664 | 878 | 443 | 520 | ||||||||||
Anthropology | 418 | 174 | 280 | 3 | 1 | 11 | 23 | 5 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Economics | 368 | 394 | 162 | 10 | 15 | 6 | 44 | 24 | 72 | 56 | ||||||||||
Political science and government | 332 | 353 | 193 | 14 | 20 | 11 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 6 | ||||||||||
Sociology, demography, and population studies | 652 | 677 | 365 | 7 | 33 | 40 | 18 | 2 | 31 | 18 | ||||||||||
Social sciences nec | 2,630 | 1,662 | 1,940 | 156 | 178 | 283 | 576 | 846 | 334 | 440 | ||||||||||
Sciences nec | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1,596 | 755 | 685 | 119 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Engineering | 9,496 | 6,968 | 3,664 | 2,863 | 1,864 | 1,451 | 1,076 | 940 | 993 | 1,313 | ||||||||||
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | 14 | 342 | 237 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 117 | 25 | 62 | ||||||||||
Bioengineering and biomedical engineering | 1,117 | 18 | 10 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | ||||||||||
Chemical engineering | 859 | 1,452 | 414 | 868 | 430 | 219 | 69 | 11 | 64 | 99 | ||||||||||
Civil engineering | 620 | 760 | 258 | 0 | 3 | 63 | 139 | 166 | 74 | 180 | ||||||||||
Electrical, electronic, and communications engineering | 2,160 | 2,189 | 1,745 | 794 | 753 | 672 | 449 | 410 | 413 | 369 | ||||||||||
Industrial and manufacturing engineering | 591 | 590 | 172 | 304 | 231 | 250 | 325 | 141 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Mechanical engineering | 1,397 | 772 | 212 | 245 | 118 | 65 | 30 | 17 | 101 | 83 | ||||||||||
Metallurgical and materials engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Engineering nec | 2,738 | 845 | 616 | 647 | 328 | 182 | 64 | 78 | 316 | 501 | ||||||||||
Non-S&E | 22,249 | 16,508 | 11,569 | 6,827 | 4,491 | 3,114 | 2,598 | 3,336 | 5,204 | 7,155 | ||||||||||
Business management and business administration | 12,327 | 8,735 | 7,233 | 5,751 | 4,018 | 2,428 | 1,840 | 2,344 | 3,371 | 5,267 | ||||||||||
Communication and communications technologies | 362 | 293 | 262 | 4 | 8 | 241 | 0 | 4 | 494 | 617 | ||||||||||
Education | 3,649 | 2,893 | 889 | 4 | 18 | 21 | 54 | 119 | 141 | 79 | ||||||||||
Humanities | 4,891 | 3,838 | 1,219 | 62 | 126 | 145 | 266 | 557 | 12 | 17 | ||||||||||
Law | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Social work | 188 | 28 | 322 | 108 | 111 | 129 | 383 | 161 | 209 | 298 | ||||||||||
Visual and performing arts | 4 | 0 | 799 | 0 | 72 | 21 | 3 | 21 | 12 | 114 | ||||||||||
Non-S&E nec | 828 | 721 | 845 | 898 | 138 | 129 | 52 | 130 | 965 | 763 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Prior to FY 2016, expenditures for natural resources and conservation, materials science, anthropology, and industrial and manufacturing engineering were not collected separately. R&D expenditures in agricultural sciences decreased in FY 2016 because a number of disciplines previously reported in that field are now reported separately under natural resources and conservation.
SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Higher Education R&D Survey
Field | All R&D expenditures | Federal government | State and local government | Institution funds | Business | Nonprofit organizations | All other sources | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All R&D fields | 83,406 | 31,780 | 7,116 | 38,582 | 2,101 | 2,478 | 1,349 | |||||||
Science | 51,661 | 28,737 | 4,777 | 15,045 | 1,131 | 1,923 | 48 | |||||||
Computer and information sciences | 570 | 0 | 0 | 381 | 3 | 186 | 0 | |||||||
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | 16,140 | 7,151 | 4,399 | 2,644 | 986 | 934 | 26 | |||||||
Atmospheric science and meteorology | 2,300 | 1,411 | 18 | 190 | 681 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Geological and earth sciences | 769 | 345 | 0 | 418 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Ocean sciences and marine sciences | 12,385 | 5,368 | 4,381 | 1,426 | 299 | 885 | 26 | |||||||
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences nec | 686 | 27 | 0 | 610 | 0 | 49 | 0 | |||||||
Life sciences | 6,431 | 2,763 | 20 | 3,524 | 0 | 124 | 0 | |||||||
Agricultural sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Biological and biomedical sciences | 2,474 | 2,254 | 19 | 155 | 0 | 46 | 0 | |||||||
Health sciences | 3,957 | 509 | 1 | 3,369 | 0 | 78 | 0 | |||||||
Natural resources and conservation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Life sciences nec | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Mathematics and statistics | 1,522 | 279 | 2 | 1,173 | 0 | 68 | 0 | |||||||
Physical sciences | 5,800 | 2,663 | 144 | 2,746 | 12 | 234 | 1 | |||||||
Astronomy and astrophysics | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Chemistry | 1,992 | 1,180 | 30 | 660 | 0 | 122 | 0 | |||||||
Materials science | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Physics | 2,271 | 1,167 | 114 | 990 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Physical sciences nec | 1,537 | 316 | 0 | 1,096 | 12 | 112 | 1 | |||||||
Psychology | 16,798 | 15,762 | 0 | 821 | 130 | 74 | 11 | |||||||
Social sciences | 4,400 | 119 | 212 | 3,756 | 0 | 303 | 10 | |||||||
Anthropology | 418 | 64 | 0 | 354 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Economics | 368 | 0 | 0 | 250 | 0 | 118 | 0 | |||||||
Political science and government | 332 | 0 | 0 | 311 | 0 | 21 | 0 | |||||||
Sociology, demography, and population studies | 652 | 0 | 0 | 597 | 0 | 55 | 0 | |||||||
Social sciences nec | 2,630 | 55 | 212 | 2,244 | 0 | 109 | 10 | |||||||
Sciences nec | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Engineering | 9,496 | 1,672 | 135 | 5,960 | 742 | 136 | 851 | |||||||
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Bioengineering and biomedical engineering | 1,117 | 0 | 0 | 1,112 | 0 | 5 | 0 | |||||||
Chemical engineering | 859 | 597 | 135 | 83 | 0 | 44 | 0 | |||||||
Civil engineering | 620 | 0 | 0 | 558 | 62 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Electrical, electronic, and communications engineering | 2,160 | 434 | 0 | 1,558 | 168 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Industrial and manufacturing engineering | 591 | 57 | 0 | 437 | 97 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Mechanical engineering | 1,397 | 381 | 0 | 924 | 5 | 87 | 0 | |||||||
Metallurgical and materials engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Engineering nec | 2,738 | 203 | 0 | 1,288 | 396 | 0 | 851 | |||||||
Non-S&E | 22,249 | 1,371 | 2,204 | 17,577 | 228 | 419 | 450 | |||||||
Business management and business administration | 12,327 | 1,246 | 2,062 | 8,817 | 181 | 0 | 21 | |||||||
Communication and communications technologies | 362 | 0 | 0 | 362 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Education | 3,649 | 36 | 38 | 3,296 | 1 | 90 | 188 | |||||||
Humanities | 4,891 | 0 | 10 | 4,558 | 0 | 115 | 208 | |||||||
Law | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Social work | 188 | 54 | 94 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |||||||
Visual and performing arts | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Non-S&E nec | 828 | 35 | 0 | 501 | 46 | 214 | 32 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Prior to FY 2016, expenditures for natural resources and conservation, materials science, anthropology, and industrial and manufacturing engineering were not collected separately. R&D expenditures in agricultural sciences decreased in FY 2016 because a number of disciplines previously reported in that field are now reported separately under natural resources and conservation.
SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Higher Education R&D Survey
Source of funds | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Federal Agencies | 31,780 | 30,984 | 30,877 | 34,102 | 35,143 | 33,886 | 31,396 | 31,318 | 33,782 | 32,901 | ||||||||||
DOD | 453 | 1,139 | 1,049 | 1,044 | 924 | 968 | 654 | 341 | 264 | 208 | ||||||||||
DOE | 909 | 779 | 488 | 230 | 217 | 195 | 165 | 70 | 90 | 110 | ||||||||||
HHS | 3,223 | 2,051 | 1,957 | 2,047 | 2,009 | 1,401 | 746 | 698 | 832 | 825 | ||||||||||
NASA | 17,145 | 17,474 | 20,113 | 21,470 | 21,031 | 18,940 | 19,574 | 20,305 | 17,630 | 17,311 | ||||||||||
NSF | 4,847 | 3,763 | 1,698 | 2,399 | 2,283 | 2,719 | 1,890 | 1,842 | 3,860 | 3,065 | ||||||||||
USDA | 130 | 103 | 97 | 288 | 321 | 307 | 275 | 72 | 52 | 113 | ||||||||||
Other | 5,073 | 5,675 | 5,475 | 6,624 | 8,358 | 9,356 | 8,092 | 7,990 | 11,054 | 11,269 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Higher Education R&D Survey
Year | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2023 | . | . | . | . | ||||
2022 | . | . | . | . | ||||
2021 | . | . | . | . | ||||
2020 | . | . | . | . | ||||
2019 | 747 | 102 | 645 | . | ||||
2018 | 765 | 105 | 660 | . | ||||
2017 | 674 | 90 | 584 | . |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Higher Education R&D Survey
Field, medical school space, and research animal space | 2023 | 2021 | 2019 | 2017 | 2015 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All research space | 240 | 177 | 177 | 146 | 277 | |||||
Agricultural sciences | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | |||||
Biological and biomedical sciences | 64 | 32 | 32 | 30 | 67 | |||||
Computer and information sciences | 9 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | |||||
Engineering | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 95 | |||||
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | 34 | 34 | 34 | 9 | 19 | |||||
Health sciences | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | |||||
Mathematics and statistics | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 3 | |||||
Natural resources and conservation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||||
Physical sciences | 59 | 33 | 33 | 29 | 64 | |||||
Psychology | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | |||||
Social sciences | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | |||||
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Data from the Survey of Science and Engineering Research Facilities is collected every two years.
Field, medical school space, and research animal space | Planned to start in FY 2024 or FY 2025 | Started in FY 2022 or FY 2023 | Started in FY 2020 or FY 2021 | Started in FY 2018 or FY 2019 | Started in FY 2016 or FY 2017 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All research space | . | 63,723 | . | 39,692 | . | 0 | ||||||
Biological and biomedical sciences | . | 31,887 | . | 20,474 | . | 0 | ||||||
Computer and information sciences | . | 5,845 | . | 875 | . | 0 | ||||||
Physical sciences | . | 25,991 | . | 18,343 | . | 0 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Data from the Survey of Science and Engineering Research Facilities is collected every two years.
Field, medical school space, and research animal space | Planned to start in FY 2024 or FY 2025 | Started in FY 2022 or FY 2023 | Started in FY 2020 or FY 2021 | Started in FY 2018 or FY 2019 | Started in FY 2016 or FY 2017 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All research space | 0 | 2,000 | 0 | 0 | 1,476 | |||||
Agricultural sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 286 | |||||
Biological and biomedical sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 300 | |||||
Computer and information sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
Engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 300 | |||||
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | 0 | 2,000 | 0 | 0 | 300 | |||||
Health sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
Mathematics and statistics | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
Natural resources and conservation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
Physical sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 290 | |||||
Psychology | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
Social sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Data from the Survey of Science and Engineering Research Facilities is collected every two years.