U. Notre Dame

Rankings
Data year | Earned doctorates | Full-time graduate students | Total R&D expenditures | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Percentile | Institutions ranked | Rank | Percentile | Institutions ranked | Rank | Percentile | Institutions ranked | Rank | Percentile | Institutions ranked | |
2021 | 75 | 17.4 | 448 | 91 | 13.9 | 691 | 117 | 20.7 | 583 | 106 | 12.4 | 909 |
2020 | 80 | 18.4 | 450 | 89 | 13.5 | 697 | 108 | 12.6 | 915 | |||
2019 | 80 | 18.5 | 447 | 96 | 14.5 | 696 | 112 | 19.7 | 589 | 102 | 12 | 913 |
2018 | 70 | 17 | 428 | 100 | 15.1 | 698 | 103 | 12.1 | 910 | |||
2017 | 80 | 19.4 | 425 | 101 | 15.5 | 684 | 114 | 20.5 | 575 | 100 | 11.9 | 897 |
2016 | 90 | 21.5 | 430 | 112 | 16.8 | 697 | 103 | 12.3 | 895 | |||
2015 | 76 | 18.5 | 426 | 115 | 17.3 | 693 | 129 | 23.3 | 570 | 105 | 12.5 | 897 |
2014 | 90 | 21.9 | 422 | 113 | 17.1 | 688 | 108 | 13 | 887 | |||
2013 | 85 | 21 | 417 | 116 | 21.6 | 555 | 141 | 24.6 | 588 | 113 | 13.6 | 884 |
2012 | 86 | 21.5 | 412 | 105 | 19.6 | 555 | 118 | 14 | 892 |
NOTES:
- 1. See TableBuilder for the prior year data.
- 2. Blank white cells indicate data not available, not applicable, or institution not eligible for survey.
- 3. Data from the Survey of Science and Engineering Research Facilities is collected every two years.
Data

Fields | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All fields | 240 | 237 | 240 | 274 | 238 | 214 | 243 | 205 | 213 | 207 |
Science and engineering | 193 | 176 | 181 | 210 | 184 | 156 | 187 | 164 | 166 | 160 |
Science | 141 | 119 | 135 | 158 | 131 | 105 | 126 | 110 | 117 | 117 |
Life science | 28 | 17 | 34 | 44 | 21 | 22 | 35 | 29 | 20 | 27 |
Agricultural sciences | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | . | 1 | . | 2 | . | . |
Biological sciences | 27 | 16 | 33 | 43 | 21 | 21 | 35 | 26 | 20 | 27 |
Health sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . |
Physical sciences and earth sciences | 50 | 37 | 38 | 44 | 51 | 38 | 31 | 31 | 44 | 28 |
Chemistry | 26 | 15 | 22 | 28 | 30 | 24 | 17 | 15 | 19 | 13 |
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | . | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | . |
Physics and astronomy | 18 | 17 | 12 | 14 | 21 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 20 | 15 |
Mathematics and computer sciences | 23 | 29 | 23 | 24 | 20 | 22 | 22 | 20 | 21 | 21 |
Computer sciences | 10 | 11 | 15 | 14 | 11 | 14 | 10 | 11 | 7 | 10 |
Mathematics | 13 | 18 | 8 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 12 | 9 | 14 | 11 |
Psychology and social sciences | 40 | 36 | 40 | 46 | 39 | 23 | 38 | 30 | 32 | 41 |
Psychology | 9 | 9 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 13 | 13 |
Anthropology | 1 | 5 | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Economics | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 2 | 4 | 10 |
Political science and government | 10 | 11 | 10 | 17 | 14 | 10 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 10 |
Sociology | 6 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 8 |
Other social sciences | 9 | 2 | 3 | . | 1 | 1 | . | 1 | 3 | . |
Engineering | 52 | 57 | 46 | 52 | 53 | 51 | 61 | 54 | 49 | 43 |
Aeronautical/astronautical engineering | 5 | 8 | 3 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 2 | 4 |
Biological/biomedical sciences | 1 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 2 |
Chemical engineering | 3 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 13 | 8 | 16 | 10 | 9 | 9 |
Civil engineering | 4 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 |
Electrical engineering | 12 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 13 | 13 | 21 | 14 | 20 | 11 |
Industrial engineering | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Materials/metallurgical engineering | 1 | . | 1 | 1 | . | . | 1 | . | . | . |
Mechanical engineering | 8 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 11 |
Other engineering | 17 | 12 | 5 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 5 |
Non-science and engineering | 47 | 61 | 59 | 64 | 54 | 58 | 56 | 41 | 47 | 47 |
Humanities | 47 | 61 | 59 | 63 | 54 | 57 | 56 | 41 | 47 | 47 |
Foreign languages & literature | . | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
History | 7 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 14 | 14 | 8 | 10 | 9 |
Letters | 11 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 7 | 8 | 11 |
Other humanities and arts | 29 | 33 | 31 | 36 | 22 | 29 | 25 | 24 | 28 | 26 |
Other | . | . | . | 1 | . | 1 | . | . | . | . |
Business management/administration | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . |
Fields not elsewhere classified (nec) | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates
All races | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All full-time students | 1,647 | 1,524 | 1,520 | 1,498 | 1,428 | 1,382 | 1,376 | 1,354 | 1,305 | 1,323 |
Male | 982 | 896 | 890 | 902 | 843 | 813 | 840 | 823 | 824 | 827 |
Female | 665 | 628 | 630 | 596 | 585 | 569 | 536 | 531 | 481 | 496 |
U.S. citizens and permanent residents | 954 | 935 | 906 | 898 | 898 | 891 | 901 | 849 | 842 | 851 |
Hispanic or Latino | 120 | 104 | 89 | 89 | 82 | 82 | 69 | 66 | 53 | 47 |
Not Hispanic or Latino | 829 | 827 | 811 | 802 | 805 | 794 | 814 | 754 | 745 | 747 |
American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
Asian | 52 | 53 | 60 | 49 | 47 | 47 | 44 | 39 | 39 | 41 |
Black or African American | 30 | 31 | 25 | 24 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 17 | 20 | 16 |
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
White | 710 | 702 | 682 | 691 | 693 | 687 | 717 | 669 | 646 | 657 |
More than one race | 37 | 41 | 44 | 38 | 43 | 38 | 31 | 28 | 37 | 31 |
Unknown ethnicity and race | 5 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 18 | 29 | 44 | 57 |
Temporary visa holders | 693 | 589 | 614 | 600 | 530 | 491 | 475 | 505 | 463 | 472 |
Science and engineering | 1,647 | 1,524 | 1,520 | 1,498 | 1,428 | 1,354 | 1,355 | 1,326 | 1,288 | 1,303 |
Science | 960 | 909 | 921 | 904 | 893 | 841 | 851 | 822 | 811 | 821 |
Agricultural and veterinary sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Biological and biomedical sciences | 375 | 365 | 192 | 199 | 207 | 122 | 125 | 128 | 140 | 144 |
Communication | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Computer and information sciences | . | . | . | . | . | 0 | . | . | . | . |
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Mathematics and statistics | 123 | 118 | 116 | 110 | 105 | 92 | 84 | 77 | 76 | 82 |
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies | 107 | 80 | 99 | 102 | 105 | 77 | 102 | 98 | 79 | 68 |
Natural resources and conservation | . | 0 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Psychology | 67 | 69 | 71 | 69 | 77 | 81 | 75 | 69 | 72 | 69 |
Physical sciences | 111 | 102 | 265 | 249 | 225 | 284 | 288 | 280 | 275 | 290 |
Social sciences | 177 | 175 | 178 | 175 | 174 | 185 | 177 | 170 | 169 | 168 |
Engineering | 687 | 615 | 599 | 594 | 535 | 513 | 504 | 504 | 477 | 482 |
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | 0 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 97 | 101 | 96 | 102 | 97 |
Biological, biomedical, and biosystems engineering | 27 | 21 | 24 | 21 | 21 | 24 | 22 | 19 | 14 | . |
Chemical, petroleum, and chemical-related engineering | 118 | 100 | 91 | 87 | 85 | 69 | 74 | 85 | 82 | 84 |
Civil, environmental, transportation and related engineering fields | 98 | 100 | 86 | 93 | 95 | 91 | 88 | 85 | 83 | 89 |
Electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering | 229 | 214 | 221 | 238 | 231 | 232 | 219 | 219 | 196 | 212 |
Industrial, manufacturing, systems engineering and operations research | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Mechanical engineering | 137 | 132 | 119 | 109 | 102 | . | . | . | . | . |
Metallurgical, mining, materials and related engineering fields | 22 | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Other engineering | 56 | 43 | 56 | 45 | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Health | . | . | . | . | . | 28 | 21 | 28 | 17 | 20 |
Clinical medicine | . | . | . | . | . | 28 | 21 | 28 | 17 | 20 |
Other health | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Fields of study are grouped as they appear in survey data table (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2).
All races | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All part-time students | 91 | 101 | 108 | 85 | 13 | 14 | 7 | 12 | 16 | 10 |
Male | 62 | 72 | 75 | 59 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 8 |
Female | 29 | 29 | 33 | 26 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 2 |
U.S. citizens and permanent residents | 75 | 85 | 94 | 79 | 10 | 12 | 6 | 11 | 11 | 8 |
Hispanic or Latino | 7 | 10 | 10 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Not Hispanic or Latino | 67 | 74 | 82 | 74 | 10 | 12 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 8 |
American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Asian | 16 | 15 | 18 | 12 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Black or African American | 2 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
White | 44 | 55 | 57 | 55 | 7 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 7 |
More than one race | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Unknown ethnicity and race | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Temporary visa holders | 16 | 16 | 14 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 2 |
Science and engineering | 91 | 101 | 108 | 85 | 13 | 14 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 8 |
Science | 81 | 89 | 98 | 78 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 6 |
Agricultural and veterinary sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Biological and biomedical sciences | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Communication | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Computer and information sciences | . | . | . | . | . | 0 | . | . | . | . |
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Mathematics and statistics | 4 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies | 71 | 78 | 90 | 73 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Natural resources and conservation | . | 0 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Psychology | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Physical sciences | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
Social sciences | 3 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 2 |
Engineering | 10 | 12 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 2 |
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Biological, biomedical, and biosystems engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | . |
Chemical, petroleum, and chemical-related engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Civil, environmental, transportation and related engineering fields | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering | 8 | 10 | 6 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
Industrial, manufacturing, systems engineering and operations research | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Mechanical engineering | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | . | . | . | . | . |
Metallurgical, mining, materials and related engineering fields | 0 | 0 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Other engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Health | . | . | . | . | . | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Clinical medicine | . | . | . | . | . | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Other health | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Fields of study are grouped as they appear in survey data table (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2).
Field | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All surveyed fields | 436 | 427 | 416 | 429 | 407 | 414 | 408 | 393 | 352 | 374 |
Science and engineering | 436 | 427 | 416 | 429 | 407 | 414 | 408 | 393 | 352 | 374 |
Science | 190 | 189 | 176 | 183 | 186 | 186 | 198 | 177 | 160 | 178 |
Agricultural and veterinary sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Biological and biomedical sciences | 105 | 111 | 40 | 41 | 51 | 28 | 38 | 34 | 42 | 32 |
Communication | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Computer and information sciences | . | . | . | . | . | 0 | . | . | . | . |
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Mathematics and statistics | 18 | 20 | 12 | 20 | 12 | 8 | 11 | 8 | 6 | 12 |
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies | 2 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 7 |
Natural resources and conservation | . | 0 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Physical sciences | 47 | 48 | 108 | 93 | 94 | 115 | 120 | 109 | 91 | 111 |
Psychology | 10 | 5 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 19 | 19 | 15 | 15 | 12 |
Social sciences | 8 | 5 | 5 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
Engineering | 246 | 238 | 240 | 246 | 221 | 228 | 210 | 216 | 192 | 196 |
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 39 | 37 | 32 | 34 | 39 |
Biological, biomedical, and biosystems engineering | 12 | 10 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 6 | . |
Chemical, petroleum, and chemical-related engineering | 47 | 53 | 38 | 42 | 28 | 32 | 30 | 27 | 29 | 36 |
Civil, environmental, transportation and related engineering fields | 42 | 39 | 46 | 49 | 47 | 33 | 32 | 36 | 35 | 35 |
Electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering | 77 | 79 | 92 | 96 | 97 | 118 | 103 | 114 | 88 | 86 |
Industrial, manufacturing, systems engineering and operations research | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Mechanical engineering | 63 | 57 | 53 | 53 | 41 | . | . | . | . | . |
Metallurgical, mining, materials and related engineering fields | 5 | 0 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Other engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Health | . | . | . | . | . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Clinical medicine | . | . | . | . | . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Other health | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Fields of study are grouped as they appear in survey data table (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2).
Type and primary source of support | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All types and sources of support | 1,647 | 1,524 | 1,520 | 1,498 | 1,428 | 1,382 | 1,376 | 1,354 | 1,305 | 1,323 |
Fellowships | 541 | 210 | 419 | 432 | 396 | 294 | 287 | 257 | 264 | 140 |
Federal | 71 | 32 | 65 | 82 | 79 | 68 | 67 | 59 | 52 | 29 |
Institutional | 452 | 170 | 325 | 338 | 305 | 214 | 205 | 180 | 188 | 105 |
Nonfederal | 18 | 8 | 29 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 24 | 6 |
Research assistantships | 699 | 718 | 634 | 619 | 629 | 640 | 679 | 672 | 606 | 622 |
Federal | 364 | 384 | 342 | 343 | 321 | 346 | 337 | 331 | 297 | 337 |
Institutional | 292 | 282 | 252 | 235 | 249 | 230 | 268 | 280 | 238 | 237 |
Nonfederal | 43 | 52 | 40 | 41 | 59 | 64 | 74 | 61 | 71 | 48 |
Teaching assistantships | 330 | 413 | 311 | 319 | 271 | 283 | 271 | 288 | 315 | 435 |
Federal | 1 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 8 |
Institutional | 325 | 402 | 304 | 308 | 255 | 283 | 260 | 272 | 310 | 420 |
Nonfederal | 4 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 15 | 0 | 7 | 13 | 4 | 7 |
Other types of support | 77 | 183 | 156 | 128 | 132 | 165 | 139 | 137 | 120 | 126 |
Federal | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Institutional | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 103 | 91 | 92 | 66 | 82 |
Nonfederal | 0 | 1 | 12 | 8 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
Personal resources | 77 | 179 | 141 | 120 | 116 | 62 | 48 | 42 | 50 | 44 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
All races | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Science and engineering | 132 | 149 | 132 | 34 | 64 | 150 | 122 | 170 | 185 | 182 |
Science | 80 | 92 | 82 | 21 | 35 | 92 | 84 | 115 | 127 | 124 |
Agricultural and veterinary sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Biological and biomedical sciences | 27 | 27 | 27 | 17 | 10 | 18 | 19 | 34 | 41 | 33 |
Communication | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Computer and information sciences | . | . | . | . | . | 4 | . | . | . | . |
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Mathematics and statistics | 7 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 3 |
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies | 2 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 1 |
Natural resources and conservation | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Psychology | 4 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 5 |
Physical sciences | 30 | 36 | 39 | 0 | 15 | 48 | 53 | 63 | 73 | 78 |
Social sciences | 10 | 10 | 8 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
Engineering | 52 | 57 | 50 | 13 | 29 | 58 | 38 | 55 | 58 | 58 |
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | 12 | 16 | 10 | 3 | 0 | 21 | 11 | 15 | 11 | 7 |
Biological, biomedical, and biosystems engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | . |
Chemical, petroleum, and chemical-related engineering | 12 | 21 | 15 | 2 | 2 | 15 | 13 | 11 | 20 | 20 |
Civil, environmental, transportation and related engineering fields | 15 | 12 | 14 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 7 | 18 | 17 | 21 |
Electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering | 13 | 8 | 11 | 4 | 3 | 12 | 7 | 11 | 10 | 10 |
Industrial, manufacturing, systems engineering and operations research | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Mechanical engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | . | . | . | . | . |
Metallurgical, mining, materials and related engineering fields | 0 | 0 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Other engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Health | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Clinical medicine | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Other health | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Fields of study are grouped as they appear in survey data table (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2).
Field | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All surveyed fields | 77 | 85 | 77 | 20 | 37 | 83 | 69 | 89 | 100 | 108 |
Science and engineering | 77 | 85 | 77 | 20 | 37 | 83 | 69 | 89 | 99 | 108 |
Science | 46 | 50 | 50 | 14 | 24 | 56 | 47 | 58 | 65 | 71 |
Agricultural and veterinary sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Biological and biomedical sciences | 22 | 17 | 20 | 13 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 13 | 16 | 18 |
Communication | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Computer and information sciences | . | . | . | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . |
Family and consumer sciences and human sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Mathematics and statistics | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 0 |
Natural resources and conservation | . | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Psychology | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
Physical sciences | 20 | 28 | 28 | 0 | 13 | 34 | 32 | 35 | 45 | 51 |
Social sciences | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Engineering | 31 | 35 | 27 | 6 | 13 | 27 | 22 | 31 | 34 | 37 |
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | 7 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 5 | 10 | 4 | 4 |
Biological, biomedical, and biosystems engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | . |
Chemical, petroleum, and chemical-related engineering | 5 | 12 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 9 | 14 |
Civil, environmental, transportation and related engineering fields | 13 | 10 | 9 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 12 | 14 | 14 |
Electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering | 6 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 5 |
Industrial, manufacturing, systems engineering and operations research | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Mechanical engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | . | . | . | . | . |
Metallurgical, mining, materials and related engineering fields | 0 | 0 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Other engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Health | . | . | . | . | . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Clinical medicine | . | . | . | . | . | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Other health | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Fields of study are grouped as they appear in survey data table (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2).
Field | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All R&D fields | 240,324 | 227,535 | 240,078 | 219,993 | 212,823 | 202,216 | 190,954 | 182,228 | 175,220 | 157,691 | ||||||||||
Science | 123,816 | 116,337 | 121,992 | 113,226 | 108,997 | 105,233 | 103,913 | 94,779 | 92,571 | 86,619 | ||||||||||
Computer and information sciences | 13,961 | 14,904 | 16,400 | 14,217 | 11,524 | 9,309 | 7,817 | 6,892 | 6,754 | 6,026 | ||||||||||
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1,768 | 2,294 | 1,953 | 1,213 | ||||||||||
Atmospheric science and meteorology | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Geological and earth sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Ocean sciences and marine sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences, not elsewhere classified | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1,768 | 2,294 | 1,953 | 1,213 | ||||||||||
Life sciences | 29,599 | 27,750 | 27,517 | 27,327 | 28,427 | 28,458 | 26,987 | 24,751 | 24,864 | 25,382 | ||||||||||
Agricultural sciences | 222 | 424 | 993 | 1,405 | 1,340 | 993 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Biological and biomedical sciences | 29,214 | 27,095 | 26,385 | 25,857 | 26,885 | 27,149 | 26,597 | 24,456 | 24,710 | 25,323 | ||||||||||
Health sciences | 163 | 231 | 139 | 65 | 202 | 316 | 390 | 295 | 154 | 59 | ||||||||||
Natural resources and conservation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Life sciences, not elsewhere classified | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Mathematics and statistics | 4,751 | 5,257 | 5,663 | 4,930 | 4,343 | 4,419 | 4,081 | 2,924 | 3,180 | 2,320 | ||||||||||
Physical sciences | 47,332 | 44,855 | 45,062 | 42,506 | 41,291 | 41,411 | 39,464 | 39,593 | 37,832 | 37,572 | ||||||||||
Astronomy and astrophysics | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Chemistry | 30,859 | 29,216 | 28,342 | 26,254 | 26,177 | 25,089 | 23,201 | 24,244 | 21,896 | 22,056 | ||||||||||
Materials science | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Physics | 16,473 | 15,639 | 16,720 | 16,252 | 15,114 | 16,322 | 16,263 | 15,349 | 15,936 | 15,516 | ||||||||||
Physical sciences, not elsewhere classified | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Psychology | 4,454 | 5,450 | 4,887 | 4,863 | 5,577 | 5,995 | 5,769 | 5,005 | 4,589 | 4,160 | ||||||||||
Social sciences | 10,334 | 8,860 | 9,450 | 9,494 | 7,673 | 7,097 | 8,421 | 6,157 | 6,511 | 4,001 | ||||||||||
Anthropology | 154 | 407 | 467 | 637 | 540 | 484 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Economics | 5,222 | 3,768 | 3,611 | 2,652 | 2,322 | 1,749 | 1,445 | 879 | 492 | 413 | ||||||||||
Political science and government | 3,902 | 3,672 | 3,942 | 4,279 | 3,149 | 2,709 | 3,454 | 3,277 | 4,445 | 2,363 | ||||||||||
Sociology, demography, and population studies | 413 | 441 | 882 | 1,644 | 1,457 | 1,620 | 1,151 | 1,273 | 913 | 695 | ||||||||||
Social sciences, not elsewhere classified | 643 | 572 | 548 | 282 | 205 | 535 | 2,371 | 728 | 661 | 530 | ||||||||||
Sciences, not elsewhere classified | 13,385 | 9,261 | 13,013 | 9,889 | 10,162 | 8,544 | 9,606 | 7,163 | 6,888 | 5,945 | ||||||||||
Engineering | 90,572 | 84,478 | 89,702 | 77,243 | 75,064 | 69,954 | 67,235 | 65,682 | 63,663 | 56,709 | ||||||||||
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | 35,176 | 31,277 | 35,548 | 30,038 | 25,858 | 24,224 | 21,603 | 17,912 | 14,353 | 13,769 | ||||||||||
Bioengineering and biomedical engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Chemical engineering | 18,988 | 14,730 | 12,652 | 11,500 | 11,538 | 10,250 | 9,683 | 10,883 | 13,898 | 10,617 | ||||||||||
Civil engineering | 13,987 | 14,901 | 14,986 | 12,221 | 10,512 | 10,169 | 9,073 | 10,380 | 10,182 | 7,980 | ||||||||||
Electrical, electronic, and communications engineering | 21,743 | 22,234 | 23,508 | 19,037 | 22,142 | 20,628 | 20,650 | 20,373 | 18,586 | 17,835 | ||||||||||
Industrial and manufacturing engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Mechanical engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Metallurgical and materials engineering | 3 | 52 | 783 | 3,061 | 3,093 | 3,169 | 3,364 | 3,987 | 3,720 | 3,853 | ||||||||||
Engineering not elsewhere classified | 675 | 1,284 | 2,225 | 1,386 | 1,921 | 1,514 | 2,862 | 2,147 | 2,924 | 2,655 | ||||||||||
Non-S&E | 25,936 | 26,720 | 28,384 | 29,524 | 28,762 | 27,029 | 19,806 | 21,767 | 18,986 | 14,363 | ||||||||||
Business management and business administration | 4,604 | 6,139 | 6,923 | 5,748 | 5,829 | 6,190 | 3,290 | 4,811 | 2,551 | 984 | ||||||||||
Communication and communications technologies | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Education | 56 | 53 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Humanities | 4,403 | 6,020 | 9,759 | 12,523 | 15,497 | 13,844 | 9,627 | 12,170 | 12,055 | 8,810 | ||||||||||
Law | 215 | 586 | 552 | 311 | 268 | 946 | 941 | 399 | 401 | 1 | ||||||||||
Social work | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Visual and performing arts | 266 | 476 | 608 | 842 | 1,068 | 1,021 | 1,493 | 694 | 592 | 96 | ||||||||||
Non-S&E, not elsewhere classified | 16,392 | 13,446 | 10,484 | 10,100 | 6,100 | 5,028 | 4,441 | 3,693 | 3,387 | 4,472 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Prior to FY 2016, expenditures for natural resources and conservation, materials science, anthropology, and industrial and manufacturing engineering were not collected separately. R&D expenditures in agricultural sciences decreased in FY 2016 because a number of disciplines previously reported in that field are now reported separately under natural resources and conservation.
SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Higher Education R&D Survey
Field | All R&D expenditures | Federal government | State and local government | Institution funds | Business | Nonprofit organizations | All other sources | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All R&D fields | 240,324 | 109,891 | 665 | 84,208 | 13,499 | 17,293 | 14,768 | |||||||
Science | 123,816 | 62,404 | 295 | 39,474 | 1,959 | 11,321 | 8,363 | |||||||
Computer and information sciences | 13,961 | 8,037 | 29 | 4,524 | 970 | 44 | 357 | |||||||
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Atmospheric science and meteorology | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Geological and earth sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Ocean sciences and marine sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences, not elsewhere classified | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Life sciences | 29,599 | 12,920 | 158 | 8,137 | 520 | 5,808 | 2,056 | |||||||
Agricultural sciences | 222 | 0 | 0 | 211 | 0 | 11 | 0 | |||||||
Biological and biomedical sciences | 29,214 | 12,920 | 158 | 7,832 | 520 | 5,797 | 1,987 | |||||||
Health sciences | 163 | 0 | 0 | 94 | 0 | 0 | 69 | |||||||
Natural resources and conservation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Life sciences, not elsewhere classified | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Mathematics and statistics | 4,751 | 2,661 | 0 | 1,842 | 15 | 89 | 144 | |||||||
Physical sciences | 47,332 | 29,976 | 50 | 15,938 | 188 | 669 | 511 | |||||||
Astronomy and astrophysics | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Chemistry | 30,859 | 19,720 | 11 | 10,097 | 48 | 646 | 337 | |||||||
Materials science | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Physics | 16,473 | 10,256 | 39 | 5,841 | 140 | 23 | 174 | |||||||
Physical sciences, not elsewhere classified | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Psychology | 4,454 | 3,684 | 0 | 658 | 0 | 26 | 86 | |||||||
Social sciences | 10,334 | 1,611 | 58 | 3,120 | 164 | 3,346 | 2,035 | |||||||
Anthropology | 154 | 14 | 0 | 87 | 37 | 7 | 9 | |||||||
Economics | 5,222 | 293 | 58 | 1,386 | 79 | 2,286 | 1,120 | |||||||
Political science and government | 3,902 | 1,056 | 0 | 1,225 | 48 | 725 | 848 | |||||||
Sociology, demography, and population studies | 413 | 232 | 0 | 171 | 0 | 0 | 10 | |||||||
Social sciences, not elsewhere classified | 643 | 16 | 0 | 251 | 0 | 328 | 48 | |||||||
Sciences, not elsewhere classified | 13,385 | 3,515 | 0 | 5,255 | 102 | 1,339 | 3,174 | |||||||
Engineering | 90,572 | 42,501 | 228 | 33,371 | 11,114 | 1,390 | 1,968 | |||||||
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering | 35,176 | 11,931 | 0 | 13,272 | 9,639 | 92 | 242 | |||||||
Bioengineering and biomedical engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Chemical engineering | 18,988 | 6,988 | 0 | 10,388 | 133 | 837 | 642 | |||||||
Civil engineering | 13,987 | 8,325 | 228 | 4,650 | 160 | 91 | 533 | |||||||
Electrical, electronic, and communications engineering | 21,743 | 15,235 | 0 | 4,755 | 1,178 | 370 | 205 | |||||||
Industrial and manufacturing engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Mechanical engineering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Metallurgical and materials engineering | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Engineering not elsewhere classified | 675 | 22 | 0 | 303 | 4 | 0 | 346 | |||||||
Non-S&E | 25,936 | 4,986 | 142 | 11,363 | 426 | 4,582 | 4,437 | |||||||
Business management and business administration | 4,604 | 119 | 0 | 871 | 0 | 649 | 2,965 | |||||||
Communication and communications technologies | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Education | 56 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 43 | |||||||
Humanities | 4,403 | 73 | 0 | 2,331 | 0 | 1,159 | 840 | |||||||
Law | 215 | 0 | 0 | 186 | 0 | 0 | 29 | |||||||
Social work | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Visual and performing arts | 266 | 0 | 0 | 193 | 0 | 25 | 48 | |||||||
Non-S&E, not elsewhere classified | 16,392 | 4,794 | 142 | 7,769 | 426 | 2,749 | 512 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Prior to FY 2016, expenditures for natural resources and conservation, materials science, anthropology, and industrial and manufacturing engineering were not collected separately. R&D expenditures in agricultural sciences decreased in FY 2016 because a number of disciplines previously reported in that field are now reported separately under natural resources and conservation.
SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Higher Education R&D Survey
Source of funds | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Federal Agencies | 109,891 | 104,030 | 106,411 | 96,182 | 91,787 | 87,129 | 83,710 | 79,690 | 79,564 | 83,295 | ||||||||||
DOD | 28,768 | 26,047 | 24,399 | 20,296 | 24,039 | 19,713 | 20,281 | 20,254 | 15,354 | 15,567 | ||||||||||
DOE | 13,369 | 14,028 | 14,122 | 13,743 | 12,619 | 13,181 | 13,372 | 13,494 | 14,707 | 15,167 | ||||||||||
HHS | 27,114 | 25,188 | 27,117 | 22,784 | 21,058 | 21,089 | 20,877 | 19,095 | 19,102 | 20,029 | ||||||||||
NASA | 1,265 | 1,016 | 830 | 1,007 | 1,375 | 1,461 | 1,472 | 1,291 | 1,442 | 1,210 | ||||||||||
NSF | 28,682 | 27,578 | 28,416 | 27,410 | 27,018 | 26,711 | 23,004 | 21,474 | 24,755 | 25,291 | ||||||||||
USDA | 429 | 272 | 228 | 516 | 605 | 567 | 473 | 360 | 169 | 183 | ||||||||||
Other | 10,264 | 9,901 | 11,299 | 10,426 | 5,073 | 4,407 | 4,231 | 3,722 | 4,035 | 5,848 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Higher Education R&D Survey
Year | All personnel | Principal investigators | Other personnel | Postdocs | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2021 | . | . | . | . | |||
2020 | . | . | . | . | |||
2019 | 3,566 | 379 | 3,187 | . | |||
2018 | 3,566 | 380 | 3,186 | . | |||
2017 | 3,563 | 380 | 3,183 | . | |||
2016 | 3,547 | 379 | 3,168 | . | |||
2015 | 3,444 | 366 | 3,078 | 258 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
SOURCE: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Higher Education R&D Survey
Field | 2021 | 2019 | 2017 | 2015 | 2013 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All research space | 621 | 619 | 578 | 486 | 400 |
Agricultural sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Biological and biomedical sciences | 130 | 111 | 107 | 208 | 171 |
Computer and information sciences | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Engineering | 227 | 221 | 206 | 182 | 146 |
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | 7 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
Health sciences | 28 | 28 | 16 | 0 | 0 |
Mathematics and statistics | 25 | 25 | 20 | 18 | 13 |
Natural resources and conservation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | . |
Physical sciences | 178 | 195 | 201 | 60 | 52 |
Psychology | 14 | 15 | 13 | 10 | 12 |
Social sciences | 11 | 16 | 6 | 6 | 4 |
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Data from the Survey of Science and Engineering Research Facilities is collected every two years.
Field | Planned to start in FY 2022 or FY 2023 | Started in FY 2020 or FY 2021 | Started in FY 2018 or FY 2019 | Started in FY 2016 or FY 2017 | Started in FY 2014 or FY 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All research space | . | . | 5,057 | . | 88,032 |
Engineering | . | . | 5,057 | . | 14,298 |
Physical sciences | . | . | . | . | 39,231 |
Psychology | . | . | . | . | 28,571 |
Social sciences | . | . | . | . | 5,932 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Data from the Survey of Science and Engineering Research Facilities is collected every two years.
Field | Planned to start in FY 2022 or FY 2023 | Started in FY 2020 or FY 2021 | Started in FY 2018 or FY 2019 | Started in FY 2016 or FY 2017 | Started in FY 2014 or FY 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All research space | 5,074 | 7,532 | 12,981 | 30,008 | 369 |
Agricultural sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Biological and biomedical sciences | 711 | 4,815 | 0 | 715 | 0 |
Computer and information sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Engineering | 934 | 2,717 | 3,903 | 24,964 | 369 |
Geosciences, atmospheric sciences, and ocean sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Health sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Mathematics and statistics | 0 | 0 | 0 | 357 | 0 |
Natural resources and conservation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Physical sciences | 3,429 | 0 | 9,078 | 3,972 | 0 |
Psychology | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Social sciences | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
NOTE:
- . = data were not collected at this level or institution was not eligible to participate for this survey year.
- Data from the Survey of Science and Engineering Research Facilities is collected every two years.